International Journal of Biology and Chemistry

Chemical functionalization of palm fibers for improved dye adsorption: sustainability and efficiency

2025-08-14T11:16:45+00:00

The potential of chemically modified palm fibres (CMPF) as effective, economical, and eco-friendly sorbents for wastewater treatment – more specifically, for dye removal – is highlighted in this study. Two adsorbents were produced from palm fibres: acid-base treated palm fibres (A-BTPF), treated with H₂SO₄ and NaOH, and CMPF, treated with CS₂. The addition of xanthate and aldehyde functional groups to CMPF, which enhanced its adsorption ability, was validated by FT-IR analysis. Adsorption behavior was assessed for neutral red (NR) and methyl green (MG) dyes under varying pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, initial dye concentration, and temperature. Both adsorbents demonstrated significant removal efficiencies, with maximum adsorption of NR at pH 4 and MG at pH 10. The enhanced adsorption of MG at basic pH is consistent with the adsorbent's pH_PZC value of 9.0. Adsorption data were best described by the Langmuir isotherm model, with maximum adsorption capacities of 19.88 mg/g for NR and 7.45 mg/g for MG, and correlation values of 0.9935 and 0.9869, respectively. Kinetic investigations showed that adsorption followed a pseudo-second-order model (R² = 0.9988 for NR and 0.9989 for MG). Thermodynamic analysis confirmed that the process was spontaneous and endothermic (negative ΔG° and positive ΔH° values). CMPF exhibited superior adsorption efficiency and capacity compared to A-BTPF, demonstrating its suitability as a high-performance, sustainable biosorbent for wastewater treatment. Given its low cost, abundance, and enhanced adsorption performance, CMPF has strong potential for industrial-scale applications, particularly in textile, pharmaceutical, and dye-producing industries, offering a green alternative to conventional adsorbents in water purification.

Keywords: Biosorption, Xanthated palm fiber, Dye removal, Wastewater treatment, Adsorption isotherms, Adsorption kinetics

Efficient synthesis of p-phenylenediamine from PET waste via energy-efficient depolymerization and green Hofmann rearrangement

2026-02-10T05:01:37+00:00

The continuous use of post-consumer polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste remains a major challenge due to its environmental properties and the high energy requirements of traditional recycling methods. In this study, an energy-efficient and environmentally friendly route for the synthesis of p-phenylenediamine (PPD) from secondary PET waste was developed. Terephthalic acid was obtained from PET waste under simple conditions and then terephthalamide was obtained through a catalytic high-pressure ammonolysis process. The main part of the process involved the Hofmann rearrangement reaction, for which an environmentally friendly chlorinating agent was selected based on research.

Various hypochlorite and dichloroisocyanurate salts were analyzed based on their active chlorine equivalents, reaction efficiency, safety, and waste profile. Among the tested reagents, sodium dichloroisocyanurate chlorinated amides to a high degree under alkaline conditions, reduced hazardous waste, and produced harmless by-products. As a result, p-phenylenediamine was obtained in 84% yield. The structure and properties of the synthesized product were confirmed by IR, NMR, TG, and DTA analyses.

This research work demonstrates a green and efficient method for converting PET waste into valuable aromatic diamines. However, it also highlights the importance of choosing an environmentally friendly reagent for the Hofmann rearrangement reaction.

Keywords: Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), ammonilysis, glycerin, sodium urea, dichloroisocyanurate salt, reactor autoclave, amination, terephthalamide.

Comparative effect of APS and AIBN initiators on gum arabic-acrylamide hydrogel synthesis and properties

2026-03-28T06:37:54+00:00

This study investigates the influence of radical initiator chemistry on the synthesis and structural evolution of pH-responsive gum arabic–acrylamide (GA-g-AM) hydrogels intended for drug-delivery applications. Gum arabic was used as a natural polysaccharide backbone, and acrylamide was grafted via a free-radical mechanism to form crosslinked hydrogel networks. A controlled comparative evaluation of ammonium persulfate (APS) and azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) was performed under identical synthesis conditions to evalute the specific influence of initiator type on hydrogel network formation. FTIR, SEM, and XRD analyses confirmed successful copolymerization and revealed differences in structural organization and packing density between the two systems. Swelling experiments demonstrated clear pH-responsive behavior, with maximum equilibrium swelling observed at pH 2. APS-initiated hydrogels exhibited an equilibrium swelling of 720 ± 5%, whereas AIBN-initiated systems reached 1026 ± 5%, indicating differences in crosslink distribution and internal network structure. APS-generated hydrogels showed a more compact morphology, while AIBN-based systems formed comparatively looser networks with higher water uptake. Overall, the results indicate that APS promotes the formation of structurally more organized and compact GA-based hydrogel networks, highlighting the decisive role of initiator chemistry in tailoring natural polymer-derived drug-delivery systems.

Keywords: gum arabic, acrylamide, APS, AIBN, graft copolymerization, hydrogel swelling

Production of sustainable fibrous material from renewable resource

2026-05-21T10:28:06+00:00

The article comprehensively studies the possibility of obtaining microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) from the husk of sorghum (SbH) (Sorghum Bicolor), an agricultural crop growing in the country. The research comprehensively studied the effective parameters for the production of MCC from SbH, its yield and quality characteristics, as well as physicochemical properties. When using a hydromodule for the extraction of MCC from SbH at a SbH/peroxyacetic acid ratio of 1:16 g/ml, the yield of MCC was high and reached 57.24%. The amount of α-cellulose in the obtained MCC was 61.32%. It has been established that the yield of MCC obtained by this organosolvent oxidation method is 10-25% higher than with the traditional method of alkaline treatment. The obtained MCC can be used as an ingredient in paper and cardboard production, pharmaceuticals, and composite materials.

Keywords: Agricultural waste, sorghumbicolor husks, microcrystalline cellulose, organosolvent oxidation, FTIR, crystal structure.

Thermal stability of bio-based calcium and aluminum carboxylates

2025-12-20T11:30:50+00:00

As bio-based metal carboxylates, calcium and aluminum carboxylates were synthesized using sunflower oil and soybean wax as renewable feedstocks, and their structures were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The FT-IR results confirmed the successful formation of the corresponding metal carboxylates. Thermogravimetric (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) techniques were employed to evaluate the thermal stability of the synthesized compounds. According to the thermal analysis data, aluminum carboxylates exhibited faster thermal decomposition compared to calcium carboxylates, with the major decomposition step occurring predominantly in a single stage. The higher thermal stability of calcium carboxylates relative to aluminum carboxylates can be attributed to their low-er organic content and, additionally, to the fact that calcium forms more stable compounds due to its higher chemical reactivity, a trend that was clearly reflected in the TGA curves. Consequently, calcium carboxylates underwent multi-stage decomposition. This behavior was also evident in the DTA profiles, where the heat absorption and release events showed a fluctuating pattern. Given the significant industrial relevance of metal carboxylates as additives in polymer and lubricant formulations, understanding their physicochemical properties is essential.

Keywords: metal carboxylates, metal soaps, calcium carboxylates, aluminum carboxylates, thermal stability, addi-tives, bio-based additives, sunflower oil

In silico profiling of diaza- and tetraazabicyclononan-9-ones as novel nicotinic acetylcholine receptor ligands

2025-12-22T13:13:42+00:00

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are promising therapeutic targets for treating cognitive disorders and nicotine addiction. This study aimed to identify a novel nAChR ligand from a series of 8 newly designed diaza- and tetraazabicyclononan-9-ones using a comprehensive in silico approach. The biological activity spectrum was predicted using the PASS program, revealing a high potential for nAChR antagonism and other neurotropic activities. Pharmacokinetic and drug-likeness properties were assessed with SwissADME, indicating favorable profiles for most compounds. Molecular docking into the orthosteric site of the human α3β4-nAChR (PDB ID: 6PV7) and α4β2-nAChR (PDB ID: 5KXI) was successfully performed for six derivatives. Among them, compound 1 demonstrated a superior calculated JAMDA Score (-2.60), outperforming the native ligand, nicotine (JAMDA Score: -1.99). Analysis of the binding pose revealed that its superior predicted affinity stems from a network of specific hydrogen bonds with key residues (Tyr93, Ser148, Ser150) and an interaction with the backbone of Trp149 in the orthosteric site. Thus, the integrated in silico strategy identified compound 1 as a potent putative nAChR ligand, warranting its priority for further experimental evaluation.

Keywords: nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, molecular docking, in silico screening, bicyclic nitrogen heterocycles, drug design.

Lanthanum-induced electronic transition in hydride perovskites: A first-principles study of CsXH₃ (X = Sc, Y, La, Ac)

2026-05-16T10:47:52+00:00

We studied the structural, mechanical, thermal, and electronic properties of cubic hydride perovskites CsXH₃ (X = Sc, Y, La, Ac) using first-principles DFT within the GGA-PBE and PAW schemes. The structural optimization and stability were studied using the third-order Birch-Murnaghan equation of state, and trends in the lattice parameters, bulk modulus, and compressibility were observed. The elastic constants and Voigt-Reuss-Hill approximations indicate mechanical stability. The phonon analysis shows no imaginary frequencies, which suggests dynamical stability. The thermal behavior is also characterized by a softening of the lattice with increasing cation size. Electronic structure results indicate metallic behavior of CsScH₃, CsYH₃, and CsAcH₃, while CsLaH₃ has a small band gap (~0.2 eV). Bonding shows that ionic character is present for CsLaH₃ with partial X–H covalency. This demonstrates the utility of cation engineering in hydride perovskites for hydrogen storage, conductive materials, and pressure-driven applications.

Keywords: Hydride perovskites, Density Functional Theory, Mechanical properties, Electronic structure, Cation engineering.

Modeling and analysis of hydrogen production via steam methane reforming with water–gas shift and CO₂ capture

2025-12-17T19:00:46+00:00

Steam methane reforming (SMR) remains the dominant industrial route for large-scale hydrogen production due to its technological maturity and economic competitiveness. However, conventional SMR is associated with significant carbon dioxide emissions, limiting its sustainability in the context of global decarbonization goals. This study presents a comprehensive process modeling and analysis of hydrogen production via SMR integrated with the water–gas shift reaction (WGSR) and post-combustion CO₂ capture. A detailed steady-state model was developed using Aspen HYSYS to evaluate mass and energy balances, hydrogen yield, and purification performance. The modeled process reflects an industrially relevant SMR–WGSR configuration and is assessed in the context of blue hydrogen production. In addition, a location-based feasibility analysis is conducted for Kazakhstan, identifying the Atyrau region as a favorable deployment site due to existing natural gas infrastructure and industrial integration potential. The results demonstrate high hydrogen purity (>97%) and confirm that integration of CO₂ capture significantly reduces carbon intensity while preserving process efficiency, supporting SMR with carbon capture as a viable transitional hydrogen technology.

Keywords: Steam methane reforming; Hydrogen production; Water–gas shift; Blue hydrogen;
Aspen HYSYS; Carbon capture

Sesquiterpene lactones of plants of the genus Achillea L.

2026-03-25T12:38:27+00:00

Plants of the genus Achillea L. are considered promising sources of medicinal substances based on essential oils, sesquiterpene lactones, and flavonoids. In the present work, the results of a search for sesquiterpene γ-lactones in 13 Achillea species growing in Kazakhstan are summarized for the first time. The distribution of sesquiterpene lactones among the sections of the genus Achillea L. and their classification according to structural types are discussed. Based on chemical and biological screening, the presence of sesquiterpene γ-lactones was established in nine Achillea species. Three species –Achillea inundata Kondr., Achillea salicifolia Besser, and Achillea tianschanica Kupr. & Kulemin — were identified as promising sources for the isolation and identification of sesquiterpene lactones. From Achillea nobilis L. and Achillea micrantha Willd. 11 sesquiterpene lactones have been isolated, including 3 new compounds. The physicochemical characteristics of the isolated sesquiterpene lactones were determined, and their structures were elucidated using IR, UV, ¹H NMR, and ¹³C NMR spectroscopy. An analysis was carried out on the influence of extraction methods, fractionation of crude plant extracts, and purification procedures on the yield of sesquiterpene lactones from Achillea species. Data on the biological activities of the isolated sesquiterpene lactones were compiled and summarized, including antitumor, antitrypanosomal, antileishmanial, anthelmintic activities, and cytotoxicity. The biosynthetic pathways of sesquiterpene lactones in Achillea species are discussed, along with the dynamics of their localization in different plant organs during various stages of vegetation. It was established that sesquiterpene lactones from Achillea species may serve as renewable starting materials for chemical modification and the synthesis of new compounds, representing potential sources of novel antitumor and antiparasitic agents.

Keywords: Achillea L., sesquiterpene lactones, qualitative reaction, molecular structure, infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, X-ray crystallographic analysis, biological activity.

Low-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation for enhancing communication in children with Autism and Specific Language Impairment

2026-01-14T08:35:04+00:00

To evaluate whether low-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is associated with improvement in speech-language function in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and Specific Language Impairment (SLI), a treatment response difference by stimulation frequency and cortical target was assessed. This retrospective observational study analyzed clinical data from 131 children treated at Neurolab Neurorehabilitation Center (Almaty, Kazakhstan), between April 3, 2023, and July 30, 2024. The cohort included 58 children with ASD and 73 children with SLI. Speech-language function was rated before and after treatment using a structured 10-point clinical scale. TMS was delivered to the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), with additional stimulation of Broca's and/or Wernicke's areas in selected participants. Frequencies of 0.3 Hz, 0.5 Hz, and 1.0 Hz were analyzed. Each course consisted of 10 daily sessions. Across the total cohort, mean speech-language rating improved from 3.46 to 3.96 points, with a mean improvement of 0.50 points. Improvement was greater in children with ASD than in children with SLI (0.83 vs. 0.25 points). The strongest response was observed in the ASD subgroup treated at 1.0 Hz, where mean improvement reached 2.13 points. In an adjusted linear regression model, the ASD x 1.0 Hz interaction remained significant (coefficient=1.55, p=0.004), while number of treatment courses was positively associated with improvement and motor delays were negatively associated with improvement. Low-frequency TMS was associated with improvement in clinician-rated speech-language function, but the effect was not uniform across stimulation protocols. The findings support the potential of TMS as a protocol-sensitive neuromodulation approach and indicate the need for prospective studies comparing stimulation parameters directly.

Key words: transcranial magnetic stimulation, autism spectrum disorder, specific language impairment, low-frequency stimulation, speech development, neuromodulation.

Gamma irradiation–induced variation in grain protein content and days from sowing to heading in M₅ mutant lines of spring wheat (cv. Eritrospermum-35)

2025-11-25T09:06:37+00:00

Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a major staple crop providing essential calories for human diets. However, intensive breeding for yield has reduced genetic diversity for quality traits, including grain protein content (GPC). Induced mutagenesis offers an effective strategy to broaden the genetic base and generate novel alleles affecting agronomic traits. In this study, M₅ mutant lines of the spring wheat cultivar Eritrospermum-35 were developed through gamma irradiation at 100 Gy and 200 Gy. Lines were evaluated for variation in GPC and days from sowing to heading under controlled greenhouse conditions. GPC was measured using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIR), and allelic variation at the candidate gene Eps-Am1 was analyzed using PCR-based markers. Substantial variation in GPC was observed. The 100 Gy lines showed GPC values ranging from 12.60% to 14.43% (mean 13.56 ± 0.57%), whereas the 200 Gy lines had a mean GPC of 13.76 ± 0.63%. Eleven mutant lines (37%) exhibited significantly higher GPC (5.7–11.0%) than the parent. Importantly, the increase in GPC was not associated with a reduction in thousand kernel weight; TKW values were higher in irradiated lines compared with the parent. Days to heading differed between treatments: 100 Gy lines headed earlier, while 200 Gy lines showed delayed heading. Molecular screening identified new alleles of Eps-A^m1, with allele carriers generally exhibiting earlier heading. Overall, gamma irradiation generated valuable genetic variation for improving grain protein content and adaptive traits in spring wheat.

Key words: gamma irradiation, grain protein content, days to heading, thousand kernel weight, spring wheat, Eps-A^m1, mutation breeding.

Effect of cadmium chloride on the cardiac muscle ultrastructure of rats

2026-03-26T07:13:06+00:00

Cadmium is a heavy metal and environmental pollutant that plays a significant role in the development of cardiovascular diseases. Chronic exposure to low concentrations of cadmium in experimental animals leads to various biochemical and pathophysiological changes, such as increased blood pressure, accelerated formation of cholesterol plaques in arterial walls, conduction disturbances in the heart, and reduced contractile function of the myocardium. This study aimed to evaluate ultrastructural changes in the heart muscle of rats poisoned with cadmium chloride, as well as to determine the extent of recovery of these changes after cadmium exposure was discontinued. Wistar rats weighing 180 – 200 grams were administered cadmium chloride orally at a dose of 1.5 mg/kg daily. The poisoning lasted for 10 weeks. After the cadmium administration was stopped, heart tissue samples were collected on the first day, one week, and two weeks later for analysis. Following cadmium administration, ultrastructural examination of the cardiac muscle fibers revealed an increased number of mitochondria with significant cristae damage. The number of myofibrils and myofilaments was reduced. Z-discs were partially displaced, and A and I bands were poorly distinguishable. Intercalated discs were irregularly positioned, and the sarcolemma was damaged. Two weeks after cadmium withdrawal, these structural changes were partially reduced. Thus, exposure to cadmium chloride is associated with ultrastructural alterations in the heart that may underline physiological dysfunctions, and it is suggested that these changes are partially reversible after the cessation of cadmium exposure.

Key words: cadmium chloride, cardiac muscle, ultrastructure, myofibrils, myofilaments, rat.

The advantages and limitations of human liver models in in vitro toxicology study

2026-03-02T16:29:42+00:00

This review collects and analyses information about modern liver models used in toxicological studies from 2015 to January 2026. Currently, human liver models are increasingly being improved and various approaches being explored, including the selection of different cell types and advanced cultivation methods, to more accurately simulate the in vivo liver environment to replace animal models. These new methods are increasing the complexity of in vitro systems. However, the complex liver models currently available are not yet a complete replacement for animal models and does not have all the characteristics of the liver. Since many models undergo phenotypic changes during prolonged cultivation, this limits their suitability for long-term studies of repeated administration toxicity. Moreover, they have limited suitability, lack of vascularization, labour demanding and expensive. However, compared to early 2D hepatocyte cultures, these modern systems demonstrate significantly improved prediction accuracy and physiological relevance. With continued development, it may be possible to create models capable of tracking the occurrence, progression, and potential reversibility of liver drug toxicity.

Key words: liver cells, HepG2, HepaRG, 2D culture, 3D culture, toxicology

Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria inoculation mitigates drought stress and enhances growth and nutrient uptake in wheat

2025-12-07T10:10:41+00:00

Drought is one of the most critical environmental constraints limiting wheat productivity worldwide, especially under organic and low-input agricultural systems where synthetic fertilizers are restricted. Microbial inoculants, particularly plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), offer a sustainable strategy for enhancing plant tolerance to water deficit by improving physiological performance and nutrient acquisition. In this study, germinated seeds of the wheat cultivar ‘Rakhshan’ were inoculated with eight PGPR strains – Azotobacter chroococcum (Azto478), A. salinestris (Azto474), Azospirillum lipoferum (A443), Pseudomonas sp. (P196 and P241), Pseudomonas fluorescens (P187), Pseudomonas putida (P186), and Bacillus subtilis (B271). The experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions using a completely randomized factorial design. Drought stress was applied at three moisture levels corresponding to 100%, 60%, and 40% of field capacity (FC), and soil moisture was maintained throughout the 100-day growth period. Measured traits included grain, shoot, and root dry weights; plant height; spike length; grain nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium concentrations. As expected, increasing drought severity markedly reduced all growth and nutrient parameters. However, PGPR inoculation substantially mitigated these declines, demonstrating the capacity of specific bacterial strains to counteract drought-induced physiological limitations. Among the tested inoculants, Pseudomonas fluorescens P187 consistently exhibited the strongest positive effects. Under moderate drought, P187 increased grain dry weight by approximately 95%, and under severe drought it enhanced shoot and root dry weights by approximately 75% compared with the uninoculated control. P187 also improved macronutrient accumulation, outperforming all other strains across nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents. Pseudomonas sp. P196 ranked second, showing notable but comparatively lower improvements. Overall, the findings identify P187 and to a lesser extent P196 as highly promising PGPR candidates for developing microbial biofertilizers aimed at enhancing drought resilience and nutrient use efficiency in wheat. These strains warrant further evaluation under field conditions and in multi-strain or consortium-based formulations to maximize their agronomic potential.

Key words: biofertilizers, drought, inoculation, stress mitigation, water deficit, wheat.

The ratio of boreal and steppe floristic elements in phytocoenoses involving Populus alba, P nigra, P. tremula and P. × canescens in the Zhaiyk river floodplain

2026-03-10T08:10:56+00:00

The article presents the results of a comprehensive ecological, phytocoenotic, and floristic study of forest communities involving representatives of the genus Populus L. in the Ural River valley within Western Kazakhstan. The research was conducted in 2024-2026 across steppe, semi-desert, and desert zones. Based on 26 geobotanical releves, a syntaxonomic analysis of floodplain and ravine forests was carried out, encompassing various elements of floodplain relief and moisture gradients. Four populations of the genus Populus were identified and characterized, represented by the species Populus alba L., Populus nigra L., Populus canescens (Aiton) Sm., and Populus tremula L. The studied phytocoenoses are characterized by pronounced vertical stratification, high floristic diversity, and a mosaic vegetation structure determined by differences in soil and hydrological conditions. The total number of vascular plant species within the communities ranges from 16-55. Species of the family Salicaceae plays a leading role in forming the coenotic core, while the herb layer is mainly represented by members of Poaceae, Asteraceae, and Fabaceae. Chorological analysis revealed the predominance of boreal forest and Eurasian floristic elements, with a significant contribution of steppe and Pontic species, reflecting the ecotonal nature of the region’s floodplain forests. An expansion of the ecological-coenotic amplitude of certain species was observed under changing hydrological conditions, particularly within the desert zone.The obtained data supplement existing knowledge on the structure, floristic composition, and geographical distribution of poplar forests in Western Kazakhstan and are important for the monitoring and conservation of floodplain ecosystems.

Key words: Populus, floodplain forests, phytocoenoses, floristic structure, boreal and steppe elements, Zhaiyk river.

Synthesis and hematopoiesis-stimulating activity of new imidazolyl-containing phosphonate inclusion complexes

2025-12-09T20:13:33+00:00

A series of novel imidazole-containing α-aminophosponate derivatives were synthesized based on 1-(3-aminopropyl)imidazole using the absolute benzene under the one-pot, three-component Kabachnik–Fields reaction. The hematopoiesis-stimulating activity was evaluated for the compounds 7βCD-12βCD. The structure of the obtained compounds was confirmed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy (IR), and elemental analysis. All tested compounds were β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes of dialkyl(3-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)propylamino)(fluoro- and trifluoromethylphenyl)methyl)phosphonates to enhance aqueous solubility, improve bioavailability, and modulate the pharmacokinetic profile of the phosphonates. Among the tested derivatives, compounds 7βCD, 8βCD, 10βCD, and 11βCD exhibited low hematopoiesis-stimulating activity, whereas 9βCD and 12βCD demonstrated a moderate stimulatory effect on leukopoiesis. Biological evalution in a cyclophosphamide-induced pancytopenia model revealed that several complexes exhibit hematopoietic properties. Notably, 9βCD and 12βCD moderately stimulated leukopoiesis at a level comparable to methyluracil, significantly restoring the total leukocyte and lymphocyte counts and normalizing the Harkavy index. Despite their positive effects on leukopoiesis, compounds 9βCD and 12βCD showed limited influence on erythropoiesis and thrombopoiesis. In contrast, other derivatives (7βCD, 8βCD, 11βCD) did not exhibit stimulatory activity and, in some cases, even suppressed hematopoietic parameters. Taken together, these findings indicate that complexes of β-cyclodextrin with imidazole-containing α-aminophosphonates - particularly the complex of dimethyl(((3-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)propyl)amino)(4-fluorophenyl)methyl)phosphonate with β-cyclodextrin (9βCD) and complex of dimethyl ((3-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)propylamino)(4-(trifluoromethylphenyl)-methyl)phosphonate with β-cyclodextrin (12βCD) - represent promising scaffolds for the development of novel modulators of hematopoiesis. The observed biological activity may be associated with the presence of electron-withdrawing substituents (fluoro- and trifluoromethyl groups) and the imidazole fragment, which can contribute to intermolecular interactions with biological targets and participate in hydrogen bonding, facilitating binding to enzyme active sites, while the phosphonate moiety provides enhanced metabolic stability. Overall, these holdings suggest the potential of certain phosphonate derivatives, particularly 9βCD and 12βCD, as possible candidates for the further development of immunomodulating agents.

Key words: hematopoiesis-stimulating activity; phosphonate derivatives; β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes of dialkyl ((3-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)propylamino)(fluoro- and trifluoromethylphenyl)methyl)phosphonate.