International Journal of Biology and Chemistry

Innovative approaches to improving the quality of feed base of farm animal to ensure competitiveness of animal products

U.N. Kapysheva — 2024-12-25

One of the most promising areas in Kazakhstan at present is the production of feed additives based on plant materials with mineral components. This article describes the use of a feed additive made from green plant materials obtained by growing the traditional cereal crop Hordeum vulgare (barley) from the family Poaceae, and the non-traditional fodder crop Rumex confertus (sorrel) from the family Polygonaceae, with the addition of locally produced montmorillonite and additional ingredients – calcium phosphate, potassium iodide and urea, which are necessary for metabolic processes in a growing organism and improve the nutritional qualities of milk and meat. The effect of a combination of plant components with the addition of mineral additives on the biochemical parameters of young sheep is shown. A significant (2-3 times) increase in concentration of protein, glucose, cellular enzymes alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase and urea was noted, which may indicate a high calorie content of the additive and the absence of factors contributing to pathological deviations in the development of animals.

Acclimation to drought stress improves root physiology and cell mitotic index, leave pigments and water status in Oryza sativa L.

N.F.S. Rosely — 2024-12-25

Drought is a prominent abiotic stressor that critically impairs rice productivity by disrupting fundamental physiological processes and diminishing yield potential. This study investigates the effects of continuous and alternating drought stress on cell mitotic index and physiological responses in selected traditional and domestically grown rice varieties. Drought stress was imposed for approximately 9 days, a condition visibly marked by the rolling of leaves. In the alternating drought treatment, plants were exposed to identical drought conditions but were rehydrated to normal water levels on the 10^th day, with this cycle of drought and rehydration repeated twice. Continuous drought stress led to a significant reduction in root cell mitotic activity, with a decrease ranging from 23.6% to 67% compared to control conditions. Additionally, drought stress adversely impacted leaf physiology, evidenced by reductions in total chlorophyll content, Fv/Fm ratios, and relative leaf water status. In contrast, the severity of these physiological disruptions was less pronounced in plants subjected to alternating drought stress. In addition, while acclimated plants exhibited elevated levels of root electrolyte leakage (REL) and malondialdehyde (MDA) compared to controls, these levels were substantially lower than those observed under continuous drought stress. These findings suggest that while drought negatively affects most physiological parameters, its impact can be mitigated through intermittent watering and the use of drought-tolerant rice varieties.

Comparative analysis of inheritable and modified variations induced by gamma irradiation in the first and second generation of cotton varieties Ganja-160, Ganja-182 and Ganja-183

E.S. Jafarov — 2024-12-25

The main goal of the conducted research was to obtain cotton genotypes resistant to extreme environmental factors and various diseases, based on the fact that high doses of γ-irradiation is a mutagenic factor. At the initial stage, before sowing, 1100 samples of plants whose seeds were treated with γ-rays in different doses were cultivated (in four parallel versions), the characteristics of the growing plants were studied, and the plants with changed signs were identified. At the end of the growing season, the raw cotton of 850 plants was collected by individual sampling and the transformed and untransformed plants in M1 were separated, their seeds were collected individually, stored and used for sowing as a family in the next planting (in M2). Changes in vegetation duration, main stem height, number of sympodial branches and number of bolls per bush of both M1 and M2 lineages were evaluated as the main criteria for determining the effectiveness of the mutation. In addition, the main economic characteristics and quality indicators such as the productivity of a bush, fiber yield, and fiber length, mass of raw cotton per boll were determined. It became clear that radiation can create certain changes in the first generation of all three varieties, some of which can be preserved in the second generation. In order to clarify whether the changes observed in the I and II generations are genetic (mutagenic) or just modification changes, the listed parameters are also planned to be studied in the next generations of plants.

Biochemical and molecular genetic identification of the bacterial pathogen - Aeromonas bestiarum from a diseased Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii)

K.S. Utegenova — 2024-12-25

The article presents the results of isolation and identification of the bacterium Aeromonas bestiarum from diseased individuals of Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) reared in recirculating aquaculture system (RAS). As a result of biochemical studies, the isolated strain A. bestiarum AB002 is characterized as: a Gram-negative, non-motile oxidase-positive bacillus capable of growing in a wide temperature range from 13 to 42 ºC. In addition, strain AB002 is characterized by the hydrolysis of gelatin and esculin, forming H₂S and indole, and exhibits arginine dihydrolase activity. The analysis of bacterial resistance to antibiotics revealed that strain AB002 is resistant to multiple groups of antibiotics, including Penicillins (Oxacillin, Penicillin G, Ampicillin, Amoxicillin); Cephalosporins (Cefazolin); Macrolides (Erythromycin); Lincomycins (Lincomycin); Rifamycins (Rifampicin); Coumarins (Novobiocin). The analysis of virulence factors revealed that the pathogenic strain A. bestiarum AB002 is characterized by the presence of 6 virulence genes out of 10 studied, among which lipase (pla), cytotonic enterotoxin (alt), serine protease (ahe2), DNAase (nucl), cholesterol acyltransferase (gcaT), aerolysin (aerA) were identified.

Comparative effectiveness of some novel fungicides and different biocontrol agents against two Colletotrichum musaeisolates under laboratory condition

I. Owais — 2024-12-25

Colletotrichum musae, is aggressive and devastating threat and causing huge losses in banana production globally. The use of various fungicides and as well as biocontrol agents can help to manage the crop. However, five different fungicides, namely., Antracol, Defeater plus, Ridomil gold, Kocide, and Topsin M at five different concentrations viz., 10 ppm, 100 ppm, 200 ppm, 500 ppm, and 1000 ppm were used to check the growth inhibition of the two isolates (CM02 and CM11) of C. musae by food poison technique. The topsin M fungicide at all concentrations (10-1000 ppm) was highly effective, which yielded 72-98% inhibition, followed by Ridomil gold 1000 ppm caused 82.11% and 79% inhibition of both isolates. Ridomil gold at 500 ppm causes 75.13% and 69.44% mycelial growth inhibition of CM02 and CM11. In comparison, Kocide at 1000 ppm caused more than 60% inhibition of both strains. However, we observed that, as the concentration decreased the mycelial growth of the pathogen increased. Furthermore, during the present investigation, three biocontrol agents, viz., Trichoderma harzianum, Trichoderma polysporum and Paecilomyces variotii were used for their antifungal activity against (CM02 and CM11) by dual assay test. T. harzianum proved highly effective biocontrol agents and cause (18.88% and 20.11%) mycelial inhibition of both strains, followed by T. polysporum (13.33% and 15%) and P. variotii (9.11% and 8.75%) on 3rd, 4th and 7th day of inoculation by dual assay test. In conclusion, among all tested fungicides, Topsin M was found highly effective against both strains of Colletotrichum musae. Therefore, biological control especially with Trichoderma species are promising method to control this pathogen quickly. Both isolates of C. musae showed high sensitivity against Trichoderma species on the third and fourth day of inoculation.

Genetic markers of sports performance, interpretation of individual genotypes in the athlete’s genetic passport

N.K. Altynova — 2024-12-25

Identifying and studying genetic polymorphisms that determine the phenotype of elite athletes is a highly relevant task, as it forms the basis for developing so-called sports genetic passports. The aim of this manuscript was to analyze genetic markers for the development of athletic qualities (strength, power, speed, and endurance) through a selective systematic review of the literature. This review allowed to select SNPs that are responsible for individual athletic qualities based on the functions of their gene products, proposing an interpretation of sports markers for genetic passports. These markers can provide scientists in physical culture and sports medicine with the latest and most compelling evidence in the field of exercise genomics. A panel of 40 of the most popular genetic markers associated with athletic performance, responsible for strength, speed, and endurance, has been presented.

Overview on the heavy metal toxicity mechanisms and the role of alimentary factors in detoxification

A.N. Aralbaeva — 2024-12-25

People are continuously subject to various environmental and chemical pollutants originating from industrial and agricultural activities. Heavy metals can be identified as aseparate group of xenobiotics that pose a danger to human health. They affect almost all body systems, exerting toxic, allergic,carcinogenic, and gonadotropic effects. The toxicity of heavy metals to the body, their neutralization and elimination from the body depends on several factors, including nutritional status, as there are detoxification mechanisms in the human body, which require the intakeof certain nutritional compounds. The quality of nutrition directly affects the state of the body since the essentialcompounds are mostly obtained from the food. Consumption of nutritional compounds is a significant factor that determines human health, growth, development, physical and mental activities and promotes more effective recovery during illness. The use of knowledge on the intoxication mechanisms and the role of alimentary factors in the body detox contribute to a deeper understanding of the processes in the development of the ways to neutralize the negative effects of various toxic compounds. At the same time, a large number of articles and reviews are devoted to the study and analysis of the manifestation of toxic effects of heavy metal compounds, mechanisms of their transformation in the environment, as well as damaging effects on the body systems; articles devoted to the study of the neutralization of the poisoning effect of various xenobiotics are aimed at investigating the detoxification effect of finished dosage forms. The importance of examining how nutritional factors like proteins, probiotics, vitamins, and dietary fiber contribute to the body detoxification processes is significant. This review analyses literature data of scientists from Kazakhstan, far and near abroad on the mechanisms of toxicity of a wide range of heavy metals, as well as the role of key nutrients in the process of their detoxification.

Theoretical determination of the biological activities of some benzimidazolederivative compounds with potential as active pharmaceutical agents

F. İslamoğlu — 2024-12-25

The biological activities of twelve different benzimidazole derivative compounds synthesized and registered in the literature were theoretically calculated with Way2Drug PASS software. Seven different biological activities, including acute rat toxicity, adverse drug effects, antibacterial activity, antifungal activity, anti-HIV activity, antiviral activity, and cell line cytotoxicity, were calculated for each benzimidazole derivative compound examined here. Rat acute toxicity was calculated in four different ways. These are Rat IP (intraperitoneal administration route) LD₅₀, Rat IV (intravenous administration route) LD₅₀, Rat Oral (oral administration route) LD₅₀, and Rat SC (subcutaneous administration route) LD₅₀. According to the results, a classification was also made for each method. Adverse effects that the molecules may show were determined with the help of the calculated Pa (probability of activity) and Pi (probability of inactivity) values. The antibacterial effect of each molecule against which bacteria was determined and the confidence value of this effect was calculated. Likewise, it was determined whether the molecules showed antifungal properties. It was determined against which fungus the molecules showing antifungal properties showed this effect, and the confidence value was calculated. The anti-HIV properties of the molecules were studied for five different targets (protease (HIV-1), reverse transcriptase (HIV-1), integrase (HIV-1), REV (regulator of virion) (HIV-1), and TAT (trans-activator of transcription) (HIV-1)) and the p function of the IC₅₀ (half maximal inhibitory concentration) values obtained were analyzed. Anti-viral effects of molecules examined. Here, the viruses against which they show this effect were determined, and the confidence value was calculated together with the target protein. Finally, cancer cell line and non-tumor cell line properties of the molecules were determined by Pa and Pi values as well as tissue and tumor type.

Novel 3-benzylbenzo[d]thiazol-2(3H)-iminium salts as potent DNA benzylating agents: design, synthesis, MTT assay, and DFT calculation

A. Bahmani — 2024-12-25

New derivatives of 3-benzylbenzo[d]thiazol-2(3H)-iminium salt were developed, synthesized, and assessed for their cytotoxic effects on the MCF-7 cell line. Among them, two molecules, identified as 3g and 3i, demonstrated notable cytotoxic activity with IC₅₀ values of 41.76 and 58.34 µmol/L respectively, compared to the reference drug Cis-platin, which has an IC₅₀ of 22.36 ± 2.98 µmol/L. Subsequent DNA interaction docking studies were conducted with these compounds. The docking data revealed that both 3g and 3i effectively bind within the minor groove of DNA, showing a preference for interaction with AT-rich sequences over CG-rich sequences. These findings suggest that 3g and 3i are effective DNA-binding agents. Further analysis using Density Functional Theory (DFT) was performed to explore the potential of DNA benzylation by compound 3g. The DFT studies suggested that the benzylation of guanine bases by 3g could occur at room temperature. Nonetheless, further experimental investigations are necessary to validate this hypothesis. The DFT studies suggested that the benzylation of guanine bases by 3g could occur at room temperature. Nonetheless, further experimental investigations are necessary to validate this hypothesis.

Enhanced compound selection using holistic virtual screening for gatifloxacin analogues to overcome dysglycemic effects

P.P. Majalekar — 2024-12-25

Gatifloxacin, a fluoroquinolone-class antibacterial agent, is effective but has been associated with dysglycemic side effects, leading to the withdrawal of its oral formulation. Patients treated with gatifloxacin have shown notable decrease blood glucose level and after four days of treatment there will be increases in blood glucose levels. To mitigate this issue, novel gatifloxacin derivatives were designed and assessed for their efficacy and safety through in silico molecular docking studies. The derivatives aim to prevent dysglycemia by blocking human pancreatic alpha-amylase (PDB ID: 5TD4). These modifications are hypothesized to retain antibacterial effectiveness while minimizing blood glucose fluctuations. Using AutoDock, molecular docking of gatifloxacin and its derivatives with α -amylase (PDB ID: 5TD4) revealed binding energies, with gatifloxacin exhibiting a binding interaction of -7.1 Kcal/mol; meanwhile derivatives i) Gati I = -9.0 Kcal/mol, ii) Gati-II showed -8.2 Kcal/mol; iii) Gati III -8.5 Kcal/mol; iv) Gati IV = -9.3 Kcal/mol; v) Gati V = -8.9 Kcal/mol; vi) Gati VI = -7.6 Kcal/mol; Acarbose = -13.8 Kcal/mol. Unlike gatifloxacin, these derivatives demonstrated stronger binding interactions with 5TD4, potentially reducing dysglycemic risks. This study contributes to design the targeted antibacterial agents that minimize dysglycemia-related complications, thus enhancing clinical outcomes.

Synthesis, characterization and catalytic activity in Suzuki-Miura and Mizoroki-Heck coupling reactions of trans-dichloro bis(4ʹ-bromobiphenyl-4-yl)diphenylphosphine palladium(II) complex

F. Hamedi — 2024-12-25

In this research palladium(II) chloride, PdCl₂, reacts with (4ʹ-bromobiphenyl-4-yl)diphenylphosphine compound, Br(C₆H₄)₂P(C₆H₅)₂, to give trans-PdCl₂L₂ [L: Br(C₆H₄)₂P(C₆H₅)₂] complex. trans-dichloro bis(4ʹ-bromobiphenyl-4-yl)diphenylphosphine palladium(II) complex has been characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR, ¹H, ³¹P and ¹³C NMR. The catalytic performance of this complex has been rigorously evaluated and compared in the context of Suzuki-Miyaura and Mizoroki-Heck coupling reactions. It is noteworthy that under specific optimal conditions, including solvent type, base type, base quantity, catalyst quantity, and temperature, this complex serves as an efficient and suitable catalyst for the synthesis of biphenyl aryl halide derivatives. The resulting yield in these processes strongly supports the efficacy of this complex as a catalyst.

Molecular docking study of 2,4 disubstituted thiazole derivatives as antiulcer activity

D.B. Wadave — 2024-12-25

In this study, 2,4 disubstituted thiazole derivatives were used to create an antiulcer agent. These compounds were chosen based on molecular properties and a drug-likeness score, ensuring their suitability for oral absorption. The molecular docking of 2,4 disubstituted thiazole derivatives was performed using AutoDock Vina Ver.1.1.2. The thiazole derivatives were constructed using Cambridge's Chem Draw Ultra 8.0 software. The program Chem 3D Ultra 8.0 was used to convert 2D structures to 3D structures. Thiazole derivatives were docked into the H2 blocker, with nizatidine binding at the active site (PDB ID: 2XZB) as the target protein obtained from the protein data bank. The current study reported anti-ulcer activity of newly synthesized derivatives with electron releasing and electron withdrawing groups on thiazole derivative. The study provided potential derivatives exhibiting significant anti-ulcer activity with fast onset and extended duration of action, which is the most promising expectation of any anti-ulcer agent, especially when administered in conjunction with complaint-specific therapy.

Phytochemical Screening, HPTLC and FT-IR analysis of methanolic bark extract of Syzygium stocksii (Duthie) Gamble – a critically endangered taxon in Myrtaceae

A.E. Johns — 2024-12-25

Syzygium is a large genus with numerous species in the Family Myrtaceae. The genus Syzygium is a treasure trove of phytochemicals with immene therapeutic potential. Syzygium stocksii (Duthie) Gamble syn. Syzygium travancoricum, a critically endangered plant collected from Thrissur District in Kerala, India. The present study aims at the preliminary phytochemical screening, HPTLC and FT-IR analysis of the plant. Qualitative phytochemical studies revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, tannins, and terpenoids. The preliminary phytochemical screening results revealed the presence of more constituents on the methanolic bark extract, and hence, this was further subjected to an HPTLC analysis to determine the number of compounds in the crude extract. FTIR analysis was also conducted to identify the major functional groups in the compounds in the extract. From this study, it can be concluded that Syzygium stocksii contains various bioactive compounds. This study calls for the importance of excavating the phytochemical and pharmacological potential of this relatively unexplored species.

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plant leaf extraction andphytochemical profile and biological potential of Artemisia schrenkiana

A. Ydyrys — 2024-12-25

This study explores the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles utilizing plant leaf extraction from Artemisia schrenkiana and evaluates their potential anticancer activity against liver cancer cells in vitro. One such method is the use of plant leaf extraction, which has shown promising results in the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. The use of A. schrenkiana, a plant native to Kazakhstan, for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles is particularly intriguing. A. schrenkiana has been found to contain bioactive compounds that have potential anticancer properties. The green synthesis of silver nanoparticles using plant leaf extraction of A. schrenkiana presents an opportunity for sustainable and eco-friendly production methods. The process involves the utilization of environmentally friendly methods for nanoparticle synthesis, utilizing the natural properties of plant extracts. The synthesized nanoparticles are then tested for their efficacy in inhibiting the growth of pancreatic and liver cancer cells in laboratory settings. The findings shed light on the potential of these silver nanoparticles as a promising candidate for cancer therapy, emphasizing their biocompatibility and eco-friendly synthesis route.

Use of local raw materials to obtain glass used in glazing of ceramic products

S. Satayeva — 2024-12-25

Glass is one of the widely used materials in the construction industry and in everyday life. The year-on-year growing demand for various types of glass products pushes the glass-making industries to increase their production volumes and not to lower their quality levels. The scientific and technical progress in glass extraction has gradually expanded the area of its effective use. In recent years, significant changes have taken place in the glassmaking technique. New production methods and ways of improving existing technological processes appeared, and new areas of glass application began to open. The chemical composition of the product was changed and different types of glass were made. In this regard, the study of the method of obtaining glass with different properties is one of the most important issues. In order to prepare the composition of colored glass used in the production of various products, colored glass was obtained in laboratory conditions. Physico-chemical properties of the obtained colored glass were studied in order to determine the area of application. Based on the research results, the obtained colored glass can be used for decorative purposes.

Chemical composition and potential pharmacological properties of field horsetail extract based on GC-MS analysis

A.G. Gappar — 2024-12-25

The Equisetaceae family, particularly the species Equisetum arvense, has long attracted the attention of researchers due to its ancient origins and various applications in traditional medicine. Field Equisetum arvense has been used to treat inflammation, wounds, infections, and urinary tract diseases. In this study, a phytochemical analysis of the Equisetum arvense extract was conducted using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to examine its chemical composition and assess its wound-healing properties. The Equisetum arvense extract was obtained through percolation with ethanol, followed by treatment with diethyl ether and chloroform to isolate nonpolar compounds. Final purification of the extract was carried out using aluminum oxide. The GC-MS method revealed a variety of compounds, including terpenes and fatty acids. Among these were components with anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antioxidant properties that may aid in accelerating wound healing. The primary components of the extract associated with wound-healing effects include quercetin, kaempferol, and β-sitosterol. The phytochemical analysis confirmed significant antioxidant properties in the extract, which may help protect tissues from oxidative stress that occurs during wound healing. The identified antibacterial compounds may help prevent wound infections and accelerate tissue regeneration. Thus, the Equisetum arvense extract, processed with chloroform and diethyl ether, represents a promising source of bioactive compounds with potential for application in the development of wound-healing agents.