International Journal of Biology and Chemistry
The International Journal of Biology and Chemistry (IJBCh) was founded in 2012. The journal is established and published by Al-Farabi Kazakh National University. IJBCh is a peer-reviewed, open-access academic journal dedicated to the publication of original research articles and high-quality review papers across various branches of biology and chemistry. The main aim of the journal is to provide an international platform for researchers, academicians, and practitioners to disseminate innovative theoretical, methodological, and applied research that contributes to the advancement of biological and chemical sciences. The journal welcomes manuscripts that address both fundamental and applied problems in biology and chemistry, with particular emphasis on emerging technologies, interdisciplinary approaches, and practical relevance for industry and society. The journal is published twice a year. Primary review: 2 weeks, approximately Peer review policy: Double-blind peer review Average refereeing time: 8-14 weeks Acceptance percentage: 25% Indexing & Abstracting: Scopus Clarivate Web of Science EBSCO Crossref Science Index ROAD WorldCat Academic Resource Index (ResearchBib) Scilit CAS Source Index DRJI Directory of Research Journals Indexing National Center of Science and Technology Evaluation Science and Higher Education Quality Assurance Committee of the Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan Scope of the Journal IJBCh covers a broad range of theoretical and experimental topics across biological and chemical sciences including but not limited to: Fundamental and applied research in biology and chemistry; Modern advancements in organic synthesis technologies; Scientific foundations of biologically active compound production; Contemporary issues in raw material processing technologies; Development of novel materials and technologies; Investigation of the structure and biological, chemical, and physical properties of organic and inorganic substances and/or materials; Theoretical and practical aspects of hydrocarbon processing; Recent achievements in nanotechnology and biotechnology fields. The journal publishes: Original research articles Review articles All submitted manuscripts are subject to a rigorous double-blind peer review process to ensure scientific quality, originality, and relevance to the journal’s scope. The journal aims to promote international collaboration, high ethical standards, and open dissemination of scientific knowledge in the rapidly developing fields of computer science and information technologies. Why Publish in IJBCh? International Editorial Board – Featuring experts from multiple countries, ensuring a diverse and high-quality peer review process. Rigorous Peer Review – Employing a double-blind review system with at least two independent reviewers per manuscript. Open Access Model – Platinum Open Access (no publication fees), making all content freely available to the global research community. Digital Archiving – Ensuring the long-term preservation of all published content in trusted digital repositories. Robust Interdisciplinary Foundations – Highlighting the pivotal role of chemical methods in biological research and vice versa, setting the journal apart from other publications. The publication fee for authors is 100,000 KZT per article, to be paid before print
ааа
Production of sustainable fibrous material from renewable resource
The article comprehensively studies the possibility of obtaining microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) from the husk of sorghum (SbH) (Sorghum Bicolor), an agricultural crop growing in the country. The research comprehensively studied the effective parameters for the production of MCC from SbH, its yield and quality characteristics, as well as physicochemical properties. When using a hydromodule for the extraction of MCC from SbH at a SbH/peroxyacetic acid ratio of 1:16 g/ml, the yield of MCC was high and reached 57.24%. The amount of α-cellulose in the obtained MCC was 61.32%. It has been established that the yield of MCC obtained by this organosolvent oxidation method is 10-25% higher than with the traditional method of alkaline treatment. The obtained MCC can be used as an ingredient in paper and cardboard production, pharmaceuticals, and composite materials. Keywords: Agricultural waste, sorghumbicolor husks, microcrystalline cellulose, organosolvent oxidation, FTIR, crystal structure.
Copyright (c) 2026 International Journal of Biology and Chemistry http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Lanthanum-induced electronic transition in hydride perovskites: A first-principles study of CsXH₃ (X = Sc, Y, La, Ac)
We studied the structural, mechanical, thermal, and electronic properties of cubic hydride perovskites CsXH₃ (X = Sc, Y, La, Ac) using first-principles DFT within the GGA-PBE and PAW schemes. The structural optimization and stability were studied using the third-order Birch-Murnaghan equation of state, and trends in the lattice parameters, bulk modulus, and compressibility were observed. The elastic constants and Voigt-Reuss-Hill approximations indicate mechanical stability. The phonon analysis shows no imaginary frequencies, which suggests dynamical stability. The thermal behavior is also characterized by a softening of the lattice with increasing cation size. Electronic structure results indicate metallic behavior of CsScH₃, CsYH₃, and CsAcH₃, while CsLaH₃ has a small band gap (~0.2 eV). Bonding shows that ionic character is present for CsLaH₃ with partial X–H covalency. This demonstrates the utility of cation engineering in hydride perovskites for hydrogen storage, conductive materials, and pressure-driven applications. Keywords: Hydride perovskites, Density Functional Theory, Mechanical properties, Electronic structure, Cation engineering.
Comparative effect of APS and AIBN initiators on gum arabic-acrylamide hydrogel synthesis and properties
This study investigates the influence of radical initiator chemistry on the synthesis and structural evolution of pH-responsive gum arabic–acrylamide (GA-g-AM) hydrogels intended for drug-delivery applications. Gum arabic was used as a natural polysaccharide backbone, and acrylamide was grafted via a free-radical mechanism to form crosslinked hydrogel networks. A controlled comparative evaluation of ammonium persulfate (APS) and azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) was performed under identical synthesis conditions to evalute the specific influence of initiator type on hydrogel network formation. FTIR, SEM, and XRD analyses confirmed successful copolymerization and revealed differences in structural organization and packing density between the two systems. Swelling experiments demonstrated clear pH-responsive behavior, with maximum equilibrium swelling observed at pH 2. APS-initiated hydrogels exhibited an equilibrium swelling of 720 ± 5%, whereas AIBN-initiated systems reached 1026 ± 5%, indicating differences in crosslink distribution and internal network structure. APS-generated hydrogels showed a more compact morphology, while AIBN-based systems formed comparatively looser networks with higher water uptake. Overall, the results indicate that APS promotes the formation of structurally more organized and compact GA-based hydrogel networks, highlighting the decisive role of initiator chemistry in tailoring natural polymer-derived drug-delivery systems. Keywords: gum arabic, acrylamide, APS, AIBN, graft copolymerization, hydrogel swelling
Effect of cadmium chloride on the cardiac muscle ultrastructure of rats
Cadmium is a heavy metal and environmental pollutant that plays a significant role in the development of cardiovascular diseases. Chronic exposure to low concentrations of cadmium in experimental animals leads to various biochemical and pathophysiological changes, such as increased blood pressure, accelerated formation of cholesterol plaques in arterial walls, conduction disturbances in the heart, and reduced contractile function of the myocardium. This study aimed to evaluate ultrastructural changes in the heart muscle of rats poisoned with cadmium chloride, as well as to determine the extent of recovery of these changes after cadmium exposure was discontinued. Wistar rats weighing 180 – 200 grams were administered cadmium chloride orally at a dose of 1.5 mg/kg daily. The poisoning lasted for 10 weeks. After the cadmium administration was stopped, heart tissue samples were collected on the first day, one week, and two weeks later for analysis. Following cadmium administration, ultrastructural examination of the cardiac muscle fibers revealed an increased number of mitochondria with significant cristae damage. The number of myofibrils and myofilaments was reduced. Z-discs were partially displaced, and A and I bands were poorly distinguishable. Intercalated discs were irregularly positioned, and the sarcolemma was damaged. Two weeks after cadmium withdrawal, these structural changes were partially reduced. Thus, exposure to cadmium chloride is associated with ultrastructural alterations in the heart that may underline physiological dysfunctions, and it is suggested that these changes are partially reversible after the cessation of cadmium exposure. Key words: cadmium chloride, cardiac muscle, ultrastructure, myofibrils, myofilaments, rat.
Sesquiterpene lactones of plants of the genus Achillea L.
Plants of the genus Achillea L. are considered promising sources of medicinal substances based on essential oils, sesquiterpene lactones, and flavonoids. In the present work, the results of a search for sesquiterpene γ-lactones in 13 Achillea species growing in Kazakhstan are summarized for the first time. The distribution of sesquiterpene lactones among the sections of the genus Achillea L. and their classification according to structural types are discussed. Based on chemical and biological screening, the presence of sesquiterpene γ-lactones was established in nine Achillea species. Three species –Achillea inundata Kondr., Achillea salicifolia Besser, and Achillea tianschanica Kupr. & Kulemin — were identified as promising sources for the isolation and identification of sesquiterpene lactones. From Achillea nobilis L. and Achillea micrantha Willd. 11 sesquiterpene lactones have been isolated, including 3 new compounds. The physicochemical characteristics of the isolated sesquiterpene lactones were determined, and their structures were elucidated using IR, UV, 1H NMR, and 13C NMR spectroscopy. An analysis was carried out on the influence of extraction methods, fractionation of crude plant extracts, and purification procedures on the yield of sesquiterpene lactones from Achillea species. Data on the biological activities of the isolated sesquiterpene lactones were compiled and summarized, including antitumor, antitrypanosomal, antileishmanial, anthelmintic activities, and cytotoxicity. The biosynthetic pathways of sesquiterpene lactones in Achillea species are discussed, along with the dynamics of their localization in different plant organs during various stages of vegetation. It was established that sesquiterpene lactones from Achillea species may serve as renewable starting materials for chemical modification and the synthesis of new compounds, representing potential sources of novel antitumor and antiparasitic agents. Keywords: Achillea L., sesquiterpene lactones, qualitative reaction, molecular structure, infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance, X-ray crystallographic analysis, biological activity.
The ratio of boreal and steppe floristic elements in phytocoenoses involving Populus alba, P nigra, P. tremula and P. × canescens in the Zhaiyk river floodplain
The article presents the results of a comprehensive ecological, phytocoenotic, and floristic study of forest communities involving representatives of the genus Populus L. in the Ural River valley within Western Kazakhstan. The research was conducted in 2024-2026 across steppe, semi-desert, and desert zones. Based on 26 geobotanical releves, a syntaxonomic analysis of floodplain and ravine forests was carried out, encompassing various elements of floodplain relief and moisture gradients. Four populations of the genus Populus were identified and characterized, represented by the species Populus alba L., Populus nigra L., Populus canescens (Aiton) Sm., and Populus tremula L. The studied phytocoenoses are characterized by pronounced vertical stratification, high floristic diversity, and a mosaic vegetation structure determined by differences in soil and hydrological conditions. The total number of vascular plant species within the communities ranges from 16-55. Species of the family Salicaceae plays a leading role in forming the coenotic core, while the herb layer is mainly represented by members of Poaceae, Asteraceae, and Fabaceae. Chorological analysis revealed the predominance of boreal forest and Eurasian floristic elements, with a significant contribution of steppe and Pontic species, reflecting the ecotonal nature of the region’s floodplain forests. An expansion of the ecological-coenotic amplitude of certain species was observed under changing hydrological conditions, particularly within the desert zone.The obtained data supplement existing knowledge on the structure, floristic composition, and geographical distribution of poplar forests in Western Kazakhstan and are important for the monitoring and conservation of floodplain ecosystems. Key words: Populus, floodplain forests, phytocoenoses, floristic structure, boreal and steppe elements, Zhaiyk river.
The advantages and limitations of human liver models in in vitro toxicology study
This review collects and analyses information about modern liver models used in toxicological studies from 2015 to January 2026. Currently, human liver models are increasingly being improved and various approaches being explored, including the selection of different cell types and advanced cultivation methods, to more accurately simulate the in vivo liver environment to replace animal models. These new methods are increasing the complexity of in vitro systems. However, the complex liver models currently available are not yet a complete replacement for animal models and does not have all the characteristics of the liver. Since many models undergo phenotypic changes during prolonged cultivation, this limits their suitability for long-term studies of repeated administration toxicity. Moreover, they have limited suitability, lack of vascularization, labour demanding and expensive. However, compared to early 2D hepatocyte cultures, these modern systems demonstrate significantly improved prediction accuracy and physiological relevance. With continued development, it may be possible to create models capable of tracking the occurrence, progression, and potential reversibility of liver drug toxicity. Key words: liver cells, HepG2, HepaRG, 2D culture, 3D culture, toxicology
Efficient synthesis of p-phenylenediamine from PET waste via energy-efficient depolymerization and green Hofmann rearrangement
The continuous use of post-consumer polyethylene terephthalate (PET) waste remains a major challenge due to its environmental properties and the high energy requirements of traditional recycling methods. In this study, an energy-efficient and environmentally friendly route for the synthesis of p-phenylenediamine (PPD) from secondary PET waste was developed. Terephthalic acid was obtained from PET waste under simple conditions and then terephthalamide was obtained through a catalytic high-pressure ammonolysis process. The main part of the process involved the Hofmann rearrangement reaction, for which an environmentally friendly chlorinating agent was selected based on research. Various hypochlorite and dichloroisocyanurate salts were analyzed based on their active chlorine equivalents, reaction efficiency, safety, and waste profile. Among the tested reagents, sodium dichloroisocyanurate chlorinated amides to a high degree under alkaline conditions, reduced hazardous waste, and produced harmless by-products. As a result, p-phenylenediamine was obtained in 84% yield. The structure and properties of the synthesized product were confirmed by IR, NMR, TG, and DTA analyses. This research work demonstrates a green and efficient method for converting PET waste into valuable aromatic diamines. However, it also highlights the importance of choosing an environmentally friendly reagent for the Hofmann rearrangement reaction. Keywords: Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), ammonilysis, glycerin, sodium urea, dichloroisocyanurate salt, reactor autoclave, amination, terephthalamide.
Low-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation for enhancing communication in children with Autism and Specific Language Impairment
To evaluate whether low-frequency transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) is associated with improvement in speech-language function in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and Specific Language Impairment (SLI), a treatment response difference by stimulation frequency and cortical target was assessed. This retrospective observational study analyzed clinical data from 131 children treated at Neurolab Neurorehabilitation Center (Almaty, Kazakhstan), between April 3, 2023, and July 30, 2024. The cohort included 58 children with ASD and 73 children with SLI. Speech-language function was rated before and after treatment using a structured 10-point clinical scale. TMS was delivered to the bilateral dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), with additional stimulation of Broca's and/or Wernicke's areas in selected participants. Frequencies of 0.3 Hz, 0.5 Hz, and 1.0 Hz were analyzed. Each course consisted of 10 daily sessions. Across the total cohort, mean speech-language rating improved from 3.46 to 3.96 points, with a mean improvement of 0.50 points. Improvement was greater in children with ASD than in children with SLI (0.83 vs. 0.25 points). The strongest response was observed in the ASD subgroup treated at 1.0 Hz, where mean improvement reached 2.13 points. In an adjusted linear regression model, the ASD x 1.0 Hz interaction remained significant (coefficient=1.55, p=0.004), while number of treatment courses was positively associated with improvement and motor delays were negatively associated with improvement. Low-frequency TMS was associated with improvement in clinician-rated speech-language function, but the effect was not uniform across stimulation protocols. The findings support the potential of TMS as a protocol-sensitive neuromodulation approach and indicate the need for prospective studies comparing stimulation parameters directly. Key words: transcranial magnetic stimulation, autism spectrum disorder, specific language impairment, low-frequency stimulation, speech development, neuromodulation.
Bibliometric and co-occurrence study of the production of cellulase from Bacillus (2000–2025)
Cellulase refers to a group of enzymes that can break down cellulose, the most widespread organic polymer on Earth. It is one of the most important industrial enzymes due to its application in the production of valuable products such as biofuels, papers and textiles. Many microorganisms naturally produce cellulase, including Bacillus species. This study presents detailed bibliometric analysis of Bacillus cellulase. The core objective of this study is to provide global research trends related to Bacillus cellulase. It highlights leading authors, institutions, countries and sources that have major contributions in this area of research. The Scopus Dataset of 2212 documents was included for analysis. VOSviewer and Biblioshiny software were employed for bibliometric analysis and visualization. The most prolific author was Zhang Y with highest number of publications (45) and citations. China ranked first among top contributing countries, followed by India with second position. This study will help researchers in understanding global research trends on Bacillus cellulase. Keywords: Bacillus, cellulase, Bibliometric study, VOSviewer, Biblioshiny.
Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal of Biology and Chemistry http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0
Reactive compatibilization of EPDM/PA6 blends with dicumyl peroxide: structure–property relationships
In this study, binary blends based on ethylene–propylene–diene rubber (EPDM) and polyamide-6 (PA6) were systematically prepared with varying PA6 contents ranging from 10 to 40 phr. Dicumyl peroxide (DCP) was employed as a reactive compatibilizer in order to promote chemical linkages between the elastomeric and thermoplastic components and thereby enhance interfacial adhesion. The blending process was carried out in a Banbury internal mixer under controlled temperature and shear conditions, ensuring homogeneous distribution of the polyamide phase within the EPDM matrix, and the obtained compounds were subsequently compression molded to produce uniform test specimens. The effect of increasing PA6 concentration on the physicomechanical, thermal, and morphological characteristics of the blends was extensively investigated. Tensile testing demonstrated that the incorporation of higher amounts of PA6 significantly increased tensile strength, modulus, and Shore hardness, which can be attributed to the reinforcing action of the rigid polyamide domains and the formation of peroxide-induced covalent interfacial linkages. Thermal gravimetric analysis further revealed an improvement in thermal stability with rising PA6 content, while differential scanning calorimetry and dynamic mechanical analysis indicated a gradual upward shift in storage modulus and in the glass transition behavior, consistent with the contribution of the stiff thermoplastic phase. On the other hand, elongation at break and overall elasticity decreased as the PA6 fraction was raised, reflecting the stiffer and less deformable nature of the dispersed polyamide particles. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images confirmed that optimal phase dispersion and strong interfacial adhesion were obtained in blends containing approximately 20–30 phr PA6 together with 1.0–1.2 phr DCP. These particular formulations offered the best balance between mechanical strength, flexibility, and heat resistance. Overall, the results demonstrate that peroxide-compatibilized EPDM/PA6 blends possess tunable and application-oriented properties suitable for engineering uses where both mechanical robustness and thermal durability are simultaneously required. Keywords: EPDM, PA6, reactive compatibilization, dicumyl peroxide, mechanical properties, thermal stability, morphology.
Acid- and amide-controlled sol–gel synthesis of SiO2-based polymer composites
The sol–gel method is a versatile approach for synthesizing advanced inorganic and organic–inorganic hybrid materials with controlled structure, high purity, and tunable functionality. This study systematically investigated the hydrolytic polycondensation of tetramethoxysilane under acidic conditions to develop an optimized route for high-quality SiO2-based polymer–inorganic composites. The effects of medium acidity, catalyst type, solvent, and amide-based drying-control chemical additives (DCCA) on hydrolysis and condensation kinetics were evaluated. Strong acids accelerated hydrolysis, while weak acids promoted gradual condensation, yielding highly porous but mechanically weaker gels. Acetic acid facilitated homogeneous gel formation and improved transparency and pore uniformity by removing volatile ester by-products. Among the amides, dimethylacetamide and diethylformamide were found to be effective pH regulators in gelation, yielding dense, crack-free gels with lower microporosity and improved mechanical strength. SEM investigations have confirmed the more homogeneous, more compact structures of dimethylacetamide-containting gels, as compared with amide-free gels. Use of acetic acid as the solvent played an important role in controlling the micro-pores, carbon content, density, and stability of gels. In general, this work presents a comprehensive methodological approach for designing sol–gel SiO2-based hybrid nanomaterials with designed structural and physicochemical properties, with their potential use in advanced optical, catalysis, coatings, and other functional applications. Keywords: sol-gel process, tetrametoxysilane, hydrolysis, polycondensation, acidic environment.
In silico profiling of diaza- and tetraazabicyclononan-9-ones as novel nicotinic acetylcholine receptor ligands
Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are promising therapeutic targets for treating cognitive disorders and nicotine addiction. This study aimed to identify a novel nAChR ligand from a series of 8 newly designed diaza- and tetraazabicyclononan-9-ones using a comprehensive in silico approach. The biological activity spectrum was predicted using the PASS program, revealing a high potential for nAChR antagonism and other neurotropic activities. Pharmacokinetic and drug-likeness properties were assessed with SwissADME, indicating favorable profiles for most compounds. Molecular docking into the orthosteric site of the human α3β4-nAChR (PDB ID: 6PV7) and α4β2-nAChR (PDB ID: 5KXI) was successfully performed for six derivatives. Among them, compound 1 demonstrated a superior calculated JAMDA Score (-2.60), outperforming the native ligand, nicotine (JAMDA Score: -1.99). Analysis of the binding pose revealed that its superior predicted affinity stems from a network of specific hydrogen bonds with key residues (Tyr93, Ser148, Ser150) and an interaction with the backbone of Trp149 in the orthosteric site. Thus, the integrated in silico strategy identified compound 1 as a potent putative nAChR ligand, warranting its priority for further experimental evaluation. Keywords: nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, molecular docking, in silico screening, bicyclic nitrogen heterocycles, drug design.
Thermal stability of bio-based calcium and aluminum carboxylates
As bio-based metal carboxylates, calcium and aluminum carboxylates were synthesized using sunflower oil and soybean wax as renewable feedstocks, and their structures were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR). The FT-IR results confirmed the successful formation of the corresponding metal carboxylates. Thermogravimetric (TG) and differential thermal analysis (DTA) techniques were employed to evaluate the thermal stability of the synthesized compounds. According to the thermal analysis data, aluminum carboxylates exhibited faster thermal decomposition compared to calcium carboxylates, with the major decomposition step occurring predominantly in a single stage. The higher thermal stability of calcium carboxylates relative to aluminum carboxylates can be attributed to their low-er organic content and, additionally, to the fact that calcium forms more stable compounds due to its higher chemical reactivity, a trend that was clearly reflected in the TGA curves. Consequently, calcium carboxylates underwent multi-stage decomposition. This behavior was also evident in the DTA profiles, where the heat absorption and release events showed a fluctuating pattern. Given the significant industrial relevance of metal carboxylates as additives in polymer and lubricant formulations, understanding their physicochemical properties is essential. Keywords: metal carboxylates, metal soaps, calcium carboxylates, aluminum carboxylates, thermal stability, addi-tives, bio-based additives, sunflower oil
Modeling and analysis of hydrogen production via steam methane reforming with water–gas shift and CO₂ capture
Steam methane reforming (SMR) remains the dominant industrial route for large-scale hydrogen production due to its technological maturity and economic competitiveness. However, conventional SMR is associated with significant carbon dioxide emissions, limiting its sustainability in the context of global decarbonization goals. This study presents a comprehensive process modeling and analysis of hydrogen production via SMR integrated with the water–gas shift reaction (WGSR) and post-combustion CO₂ capture. A detailed steady-state model was developed using Aspen HYSYS to evaluate mass and energy balances, hydrogen yield, and purification performance. The modeled process reflects an industrially relevant SMR–WGSR configuration and is assessed in the context of blue hydrogen production. In addition, a location-based feasibility analysis is conducted for Kazakhstan, identifying the Atyrau region as a favorable deployment site due to existing natural gas infrastructure and industrial integration potential. The results demonstrate high hydrogen purity (>97%) and confirm that integration of CO₂ capture significantly reduces carbon intensity while preserving process efficiency, supporting SMR with carbon capture as a viable transitional hydrogen technology. Keywords: Steam methane reforming; Hydrogen production; Water–gas shift; Blue hydrogen; Aspen HYSYS; Carbon capture
Synthesis and hematopoiesis-stimulating activity of new imidazolyl-containing phosphonate inclusion complexes
A series of novel imidazole-containing α-aminophosponate derivatives were synthesized based on 1-(3-aminopropyl)imidazole using the absolute benzene under the one-pot, three-component Kabachnik–Fields reaction. The hematopoiesis-stimulating activity was evaluated for the compounds 7βCD-12βCD. The structure of the obtained compounds was confirmed using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, infrared spectroscopy (IR), and elemental analysis. All tested compounds were β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes of dialkyl(3-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)propylamino)(fluoro- and trifluoromethylphenyl)methyl)phosphonates to enhance aqueous solubility, improve bioavailability, and modulate the pharmacokinetic profile of the phosphonates. Among the tested derivatives, compounds 7βCD, 8βCD, 10βCD, and 11βCD exhibited low hematopoiesis-stimulating activity, whereas 9βCD and 12βCD demonstrated a moderate stimulatory effect on leukopoiesis. Biological evalution in a cyclophosphamide-induced pancytopenia model revealed that several complexes exhibit hematopoietic properties. Notably, 9βCD and 12βCD moderately stimulated leukopoiesis at a level comparable to methyluracil, significantly restoring the total leukocyte and lymphocyte counts and normalizing the Harkavy index. Despite their positive effects on leukopoiesis, compounds 9βCD and 12βCD showed limited influence on erythropoiesis and thrombopoiesis. In contrast, other derivatives (7βCD, 8βCD, 11βCD) did not exhibit stimulatory activity and, in some cases, even suppressed hematopoietic parameters. Taken together, these findings indicate that complexes of β-cyclodextrin with imidazole-containing α-aminophosphonates - particularly the complex of dimethyl(((3-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)propyl)amino)(4-fluorophenyl)methyl)phosphonate with β-cyclodextrin (9βCD) and complex of dimethyl ((3-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)propylamino)(4-(trifluoromethylphenyl)-methyl)phosphonate with β-cyclodextrin (12βCD) - represent promising scaffolds for the development of novel modulators of hematopoiesis. The observed biological activity may be associated with the presence of electron-withdrawing substituents (fluoro- and trifluoromethyl groups) and the imidazole fragment, which can contribute to intermolecular interactions with biological targets and participate in hydrogen bonding, facilitating binding to enzyme active sites, while the phosphonate moiety provides enhanced metabolic stability. Overall, these holdings suggest the potential of certain phosphonate derivatives, particularly 9βCD and 12βCD, as possible candidates for the further development of immunomodulating agents. Key words: hematopoiesis-stimulating activity; phosphonate derivatives; β-cyclodextrin inclusion complexes of dialkyl ((3-(1H-imidazol-1-yl)propylamino)(fluoro- and trifluoromethylphenyl)methyl)phosphonate.
Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria inoculation mitigates drought stress and enhances growth and nutrient uptake in wheat
Drought is one of the most critical environmental constraints limiting wheat productivity worldwide, especially under organic and low-input agricultural systems where synthetic fertilizers are restricted. Microbial inoculants, particularly plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), offer a sustainable strategy for enhancing plant tolerance to water deficit by improving physiological performance and nutrient acquisition. In this study, germinated seeds of the wheat cultivar ‘Rakhshan’ were inoculated with eight PGPR strains – Azotobacter chroococcum (Azto478), A. salinestris (Azto474), Azospirillum lipoferum (A443), Pseudomonas sp. (P196 and P241), Pseudomonas fluorescens (P187), Pseudomonas putida (P186), and Bacillus subtilis (B271). The experiment was conducted under greenhouse conditions using a completely randomized factorial design. Drought stress was applied at three moisture levels corresponding to 100%, 60%, and 40% of field capacity (FC), and soil moisture was maintained throughout the 100-day growth period. Measured traits included grain, shoot, and root dry weights; plant height; spike length; grain nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium concentrations. As expected, increasing drought severity markedly reduced all growth and nutrient parameters. However, PGPR inoculation substantially mitigated these declines, demonstrating the capacity of specific bacterial strains to counteract drought-induced physiological limitations. Among the tested inoculants, Pseudomonas fluorescens P187 consistently exhibited the strongest positive effects. Under moderate drought, P187 increased grain dry weight by approximately 95%, and under severe drought it enhanced shoot and root dry weights by approximately 75% compared with the uninoculated control. P187 also improved macronutrient accumulation, outperforming all other strains across nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents. Pseudomonas sp. P196 ranked second, showing notable but comparatively lower improvements. Overall, the findings identify P187 and to a lesser extent P196 as highly promising PGPR candidates for developing microbial biofertilizers aimed at enhancing drought resilience and nutrient use efficiency in wheat. These strains warrant further evaluation under field conditions and in multi-strain or consortium-based formulations to maximize their agronomic potential. Key words: biofertilizers, drought, inoculation, stress mitigation, water deficit, wheat.
The influence of some trivalent metal cations on the structure and corrosion properties of phosphates
This study presents an investigation into the inhibitory properties of phosphate-based systems used for the protection of metals against corrosion. Various types of phosphates are examined, including ortho-, di-, and cyclophosphates, as well as their interactions with metals in aggressive environments. Special attention is given to the influence of iron modifier ions on the efficiency of corrosion inhibition. The potential of modifying phosphate systems to enhance protective properties is analyzed. The aim of this research is to study and apply complex inhibitors that provide a high level of protection for steel structures against corrosion. The material used for the investigation is carbon structural steel of ordinary quality, compliant with the European standard S235JR (EN 10025-2). Various inorganic phosphate formulations modified with trivalent iron, aluminum, and lanthanum ions were selected as inhibitors. Shifts in spectral bands were observed, corresponding to the deformation vibrations of hydroxyl groups and Al-O bonds. These shifts suggest interactions between the ionic dopants and the phosphate matrix. Specifically, bands shifted from 735 to 671 cm⁻¹. Similarly, the band associated with Al-O interactions changed from 530 to 555 cm⁻¹, while the HPO₄⁻ band shifted from 940 to 979 cm⁻¹ in the presence of Al³⁺ ions. Deviations in the vibrational frequencies of Al-O and HPO₄⁻ indicate changes in chemical bonding and increased reactivity of the inhibitors. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) provided high-resolution images and elemental composition of corrosion deposits on the steel surface. The method revealed the distribution of elements: oxygen (36.17%), iron (26.79%), phosphorus (4.72%), as well as minor amounts of sodium (0.78%) and aluminum (1.39%) in corrosion products, and allowed localization of protective layers. The results of this study demonstrate that modifying phosphates with trivalent iron, aluminum, and lanthanum ions leads to significant changes in their inhibitory properties. Keywords: corrosion, inhibitor, orthophosphates, degree of protection, depth index.
Gamma irradiation–induced variation in grain protein content and days from sowing to heading in M₅ mutant lines of spring wheat (cv. Eritrospermum-35)
Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a major staple crop providing essential calories for human diets. However, intensive breeding for yield has reduced genetic diversity for quality traits, including grain protein content (GPC). Induced mutagenesis offers an effective strategy to broaden the genetic base and generate novel alleles affecting agronomic traits. In this study, M₅ mutant lines of the spring wheat cultivar Eritrospermum-35 were developed through gamma irradiation at 100 Gy and 200 Gy. Lines were evaluated for variation in GPC and days from sowing to heading under controlled greenhouse conditions. GPC was measured using near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIR), and allelic variation at the candidate gene Eps-Am1 was analyzed using PCR-based markers. Substantial variation in GPC was observed. The 100 Gy lines showed GPC values ranging from 12.60% to 14.43% (mean 13.56 ± 0.57%), whereas the 200 Gy lines had a mean GPC of 13.76 ± 0.63%. Eleven mutant lines (37%) exhibited significantly higher GPC (5.7–11.0%) than the parent. Importantly, the increase in GPC was not associated with a reduction in thousand kernel weight; TKW values were higher in irradiated lines compared with the parent. Days to heading differed between treatments: 100 Gy lines headed earlier, while 200 Gy lines showed delayed heading. Molecular screening identified new alleles of Eps-Am1, with allele carriers generally exhibiting earlier heading. Overall, gamma irradiation generated valuable genetic variation for improving grain protein content and adaptive traits in spring wheat. Key words: gamma irradiation, grain protein content, days to heading, thousand kernel weight, spring wheat, Eps-Am1, mutation breeding.
Solid polymer electrolytes and their role in the development of next generation Li-ion batteries
Over the past ten years, lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have become indispensable for powering wearable technology, smart electronics, and electric cars. However, the use of extremely flammable and volatile liquid electrolytes in typical Li-ion rechargeable batteries raises serious safety issues and prevents future advancements in energy density and dependability. Solid electrolytes have been suggested as viable solutions to these problems. In particular, polymer-based solid electrolytes combine high ionic conductivity with advantages such as low flammability, mechanical flexibility, thermal stability, and improved safety. This review highlights recent advances in solid polymer electrolytes for LIBs, with a focus on their fabrication strategies, structural designs, ionic conductivities, and electrochemical/mechanical stabilities. Keywords: Lithium-ion batteries, Solid polymer electrolytes, Ionic conductivity, Safety, Electrochemical stability, Fabrication strategies.
Linking molecular structure to chromatographic behavior: a quantitative structure-retention relationship study of Olea europaea L. essential oil components
A robust quantitative structure-retention relationship (QSRR) model was developed to accurately predict the linear retention indices (LRI) of 51 essential oil compounds. Molecular descriptors were calculated using alvaDesc software, and model construction was achieved through a multiple linear regression (MLR) approach. A rigorous variable selection process identified relevant descriptors, resulting in a statistically significant model with strong predictive performance (R² = 0.9533, Q²LOO = 0.9339, Q²LMO = 0.9293, RMSE tr = 55.0581, s = 50.0169). External validation further confirmed the model’s reliability, demonstrating excellent predictive capability (R²ext = 0.9381, Q²F1 = 0.9361, Q²F2 = 0.9354, Q²F3 = 0.9646, CCCext = 0.9663, RMSEext = 40.3308). The findings highlight the efficiency of the QSRR-MLR model in predicting retention indices, providing valuable insights into molecular properties influencing compound retention. Additionally, the applicability domain assessment ensured reliable predictions within the studied chemical space. This methodology offers a deeper understanding of chromatographic behavior and presents potential for application to other chemical classes for predictive modeling. Keywords: QSRR, essential oil, volatile chemicals, prediction set, validation.
Feeding resources and key nutrients of commercial fish in the Ural-Caspian Basin
The article presents information on hydrobiological monitoring in the Ural–Caspian Basin, including phytoplankton, zooplankton, and benthic communities in the Ural–Caspian Basin. The annual dynamics of hydrobiont biomass density have been established, showing seasonal variations with the highest values in summer and the lowest in winter. The qualitative and quantitative composition of aquatic organisms was studied depending on the discharge volume and flow levels of the Ural (Zhaiyk) River. In high-water years, the biomass of phytoplankton and the abundance of zooplankton increased by 1.4 and 2.2 times, respectively. In recent years, an increase in the biomass of gelatinous zooplankton has been observed. Among them, the comb jelly Mnemiopsis is spreading particularly actively, successfully colonizing shallow, low-salinity areas of the sea. This species is a major consumer of zooplankton, which negatively affects the food base of planktivorous fish and the juveniles of all ichthyofauna species in the Caspian Sea. An analysis was also conducted on the feeding preferences of anadromous, marine, semi-anadromous, and freshwater species inhabiting the Caspian Sea. Keywords: forage base, abundance, biomass, ichthyofauna, fish diet.
In silico docking and interaction analysis of KazMeI with α-glucosidase as a potential antidiabetic agent
The present study focuses on the molecular docking and interaction analysis of the Kazcaine (1-(2-ethoxyethyl)-4-ethynyl-4-benzoyloxypiperidine) derivative KazMeI with the α-glucosidase enzyme (PDB ID: 5NN4), the principal therapeutic target in the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus. For crystal structure modeling of human lysosomal acid-alpha-glucosidase, GAA/N-acetyl-cysteine complex was utilized. The ligand structure was designed in ChemDraw, geometry-optimized using a Python-based MM2 molecular mechanics force field, and converted to PDBQT format in AutoDockTools v1.5.6. The protein structure was prepared by removing water molecules, adding polar hydrogens, and centering the docking grid at coordinates (–6.152, –33.636, 91.204 Å). Docking simulations performed in AutoDock4.2 using the Lamarckian Genetic Algorithm produced ten conformations with highly consistent binding orientations. The lowest binding free energy (ΔG) was –7.00 kcal/mol, corresponding to an inhibition constant (Ki) of 7.37 μM, indicating moderate yet biologically relevant affinity. Interaction analysis revealed that KazMeI forms hydrophobic and π–π stacking contacts with Leu286, Pro285, Leu291, and Trp613, and hydrogen bonding with Ser601 and Thr286, while the quaternary ammonium group interacts electrostatically with Arg600. These results confirm the predicted antidiabetic potential of the patented derivative KazMeI compound (Utility Model Patent No. 9796, Kazakhstan, 2024) and support its further development as a lead α-glucosidase inhibitor. Keywords: Autodock, Pymol, ChemDraw, molecular docking, α-glucosidase, Kazcaine derivative, antidiabetic agents
Chemical functionalization of palm fibers for improved dye adsorption: sustainability and efficiency
The potential of chemically modified palm fibres (CMPF) as effective, economical, and eco-friendly sorbents for wastewater treatment – more specifically, for dye removal – is highlighted in this study. Two adsorbents were produced from palm fibres: acid-base treated palm fibres (A-BTPF), treated with H₂SO₄ and NaOH, and CMPF, treated with CS₂. The addition of xanthate and aldehyde functional groups to CMPF, which enhanced its adsorption ability, was validated by FT-IR analysis. Adsorption behavior was assessed for neutral red (NR) and methyl green (MG) dyes under varying pH, contact time, adsorbent dose, initial dye concentration, and temperature. Both adsorbents demonstrated significant removal efficiencies, with maximum adsorption of NR at pH 4 and MG at pH 10. The enhanced adsorption of MG at basic pH is consistent with the adsorbent's pHPZC value of 9.0. Adsorption data were best described by the Langmuir isotherm model, with maximum adsorption capacities of 19.88 mg/g for NR and 7.45 mg/g for MG, and correlation values of 0.9935 and 0.9869, respectively. Kinetic investigations showed that adsorption followed a pseudo-second-order model (R² = 0.9988 for NR and 0.9989 for MG). Thermodynamic analysis confirmed that the process was spontaneous and endothermic (negative ΔG° and positive ΔH° values). CMPF exhibited superior adsorption efficiency and capacity compared to A-BTPF, demonstrating its suitability as a high-performance, sustainable biosorbent for wastewater treatment. Given its low cost, abundance, and enhanced adsorption performance, CMPF has strong potential for industrial-scale applications, particularly in textile, pharmaceutical, and dye-producing industries, offering a green alternative to conventional adsorbents in water purification. Keywords: Biosorption, Xanthated palm fiber, Dye removal, Wastewater treatment, Adsorption isotherms, Adsorption kinetics
Environmental influence on the phytochemical composition of Calligonum leucocladum populations in Kazakhstan
Calligonum leucocladum (Polygonaceae) is a characteristic shrub of arid and semi-arid regions of Central Asia, where plant survival is limited by scarce water and extreme temperature fluctuations. This study investigated the phytochemical profiles of three spatially separated populations of C. leucocladum collected from natural habitats in Kazakhstan. The results demonstrated the presence of various phenolic compounds, organic acids, and amino acids. Among them, artepillin C and caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) were detected in this species for the first time. Distinct differences in metabolite accumulation between populations were recorded. In particular, individuals from population P3, located in semi-arid mountainous terrain at an altitude of about 800 m above sea level, were characterised by increased concentrations of phenolic compounds, soluble carbohydrates and the osmoprotective amino acid proline. These population - specific metabolic features probably reflect biochemical adaptations to contrasting environmental influences. These results indicate that C. leucocladum is a valuable source of biologically active compounds, and variations in the composition of its metabolites are closely related to habitat conditions. Keywords: Calligonum leucocladum, phenolic compounds, artepillin C, proline, pharmacological potential, metabolic adaptation.
Mare's milk as a source of biologically active immunoglobulins: a review of scientific data
Mare's milk is a valuable source of biologically active immunoglobulins (Ig), which play a key role in passive immune defense. Unlike cow's milk, it contains a high concentration of IgG, IgA and secretory IgA, which makes it promising for functional nutrition and therapeutic use. Mare's milk immunoglobulins have a high affinity for pathogens, help neutralize viruses, bacteria and toxins, and modulate the immune response of the mucosa. Of particular interest is their association with lactoferrin, which enhances their antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. Modern studies confirm the effectiveness of mare's milk immunoglobulins in the prevention of gastrointestinal infections, allergic reactions and inflammatory diseases. Due to its high digestibility and low allergenicity, it is considered an alternative to cow's milk for infant and dietary nutrition. Promising directions include the creation of "immune-enriched products" based on mare's milk and the use of its immunoglobulins in biomedicine, including the creation of probiotics and drugs for correcting the microbiota. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the structure, functions, and practical applications of mare's milk immunoglobulins, emphasizing their potential in nutrition and clinical practice. Keywords: mare's milk, immunoglobulins, biologically active peptides, whey proteins
Toxicity and antimicrobial activity of tropylated aniline and its derivatives
This study investigated the biological activity of tropylated aniline 4-(7-cyclohepta-1,3,5-trienyl)aniline and its derivatives belonging to the group of secondary aromatic amines – N-2-hydroxyphenylmethyl-41-(7-cyclohepta-1,3,5-trienyl)aniline and the group of azomethines – N-2-hydroxyphenylmethylene-41-(7-cyclohepta-1,3,5-trienyl)aniline. Tropylated aniline was synthesized by mixing tropyllium tetrafluoroborate and aniline in ethanol. N-2-hydroxyphenylmethyl-41-(7-cyclohepta-1,3,5-trienyl)aniline and N-2-hydroxyphenylmethylene-41-(7-cyclohepta-1,3,5-trienyl)aniline were obtained via a one-pot multicomponent synthesis. Tropylated aniline and its derivatives showed no toxic effects on Galleria mellonella larvae upon invasive administration of 10 µL solutions at a concentration of 1 mg/mL (10 µg/larva). In vitro experiments demonstrated that Gram-negative bacteria and Gram-positive bacteria with hydrophilic cell walls exhibit low susceptibility to tropylated aniline and are resistant to its derivatives. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the studied compounds were determined. The MBC/MIC ratio for all susceptible bacteria was ≤4, indicating their bactericidal activity. A dependence of bacterial susceptibility to tropylated aniline and its derivatives on the level of bacterial cell hydrophobicity was demonstrated. High susceptibility to the studied compounds was revealed in mycomembrane bacteria of the Mycobacterium genus, whose cell walls contain mycolic acids and exhibit a high level of hydrophobicity. The obtained compounds are of practical relevance as potential anti-tuberculosis agents. Key words: antibacterial activity, hydrophobicity, tropylidene cycle, mycomembrane, toxicity, Galleria mellonella
Evaluation of anthocyanin extracted from Lempeni (Ardisia Elliptica l.) fruit as a new natural acid-base indicator
The Ardisia elliptica species is usually known as Lempeni fruit has a purplish red color which contains the color pigment of anthocyanins. This work aimed to obtain anthocyanins from Lempeni fruit and applied them as new acid-based indicators. The extraction method was carried out using a combination solvent containing ethanol and HCl with appropriate ratio, followed by the addition of anthocyanin-containing extract with acid and base solutions. The results showed that anthocyanin from Lempeni fruit induced a signicant color response depending on the pH values of acid-base solutions. The color was changed to red in acidic environments and brownish green in alkaline environments. Besides, the filter paper indicator and acid-base titrations were performed with good performances. The utilization of a natural acid-base indicators from anthocyanins offers potential applications in qualitative analysis and scientific education, by exploring new sources of anthocyanins. This research contributes to the understanding of the potential use of anthocyanins from Lempeni fruit in environmentally friendly and economical analytical chemistry applications. Keywords: Extraction, Anthocyanin; Lempeni fruit; Natural indicator; Acid base.
Evaluation of Different Sweetener Concentrations in Beverage Samples in Isfahan Market Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography
Sweeteners were added in beverage formulations to provide sweetness with pleasant taste. In this paper, potent approach for quantification of acesulfame ok (ACE-ok), sodium saccharin (Na-SAC) and aspartame (ASP) contents in beverages had been applied with liquid chromatography (RP – HPLC) joint with diode array detection (DAD). Ninety-seven samples have been selected from Isfahan marketplace. Liquid chromatograph Agilent 1260 Infinity series was applied for analysis. Mobile phase was decided on as acetonitrile and phosphate buffer (pH= 3.5) with 15:85 extent ratio (V/V), and the float rate of the chromatographic device was Optimized at 1 ml min-1 using an isocratic elution system. All the beverages were saccharin-free and the mean concentrations of acesulfame and aspartame were lower than the general standards of the Iran National Standards Organization (600 mg L-1). All the products were showed the acceptable levels of sweeteners, but, periodical and exact evaluation of these sweeteners in the beverages are still suggested to provide consumer health. Key words: Saccharine, aspartame, acesulfame, beverages, HPLC.
Preparation and Characterization of Nano-Iron Oxide by using Iraqi Orange Plant Extract and Testing for Adsorption Efficiency
Nanomaterials, including nanoparticles such as iron oxide nanoparticles, have received great attention from researchers due to their unique properties and applications. There are several diverse methods, including chemical, physical, and green biological methods, to prepare iron oxide nanoparticles. The green method was chosen because it is safer, purer, and less toxic compared to other methods. Therefore, the green method is a promising and environmentally friendly method in the near future. The aqueous extract of Iraqi orange leaves was used to prepare nano iron oxide, it was examined structurally and spectrally by several techniques (X-ray diffraction- XRD, Fourier transform infrared - FT-IR, field emission scanning electron microscopy - FESEM, energy disperse X-ray spectroscopy - EDX, and UV-vis spectroscopy). Through the diagnosis, it was proven that the nano iron oxide was successfully prepared in a spherical form with an average size equal to 68.5 nm. The nano iron oxide particles were tested to remove the crystal dye from its aqueous solution, where the removal percentage reached 61% at 298K, dose adsorbent = 0.01 g, contact time = 90 min, and initial concentration = 11 mg/L. This indicates the possibility of using nano iron oxide which preparing by green method in the field of water treatment. Keywords: Fe3O4 NPs, green method, orange leaf aqueous extract, adsorption, crystal violet dye.