International Journal of Biology and Chemistry

Gold content determination in small core-samples by instrumental neutron activation analysis

I. Silachyov — 2024-06-25

Application of instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) based on the relative method of concentration standardization was considered to determine Au content in small solid core-samples of the gold-bearing ores and rocks up to 10 g of the mass. The small core-samples about 10 mm in diameter and 22-23 mm in length were cut from the previously collected ore lumps or in-situ using a handheld drilling rig. The studied small core-samples and the polyethylene capsules of the same dimensions filled up with the corresponding certified reference material (CRM) were irradiated for 2 min by a lower density neutron flux with the help of the automated pneumatic transport system (PTS). Maximum mass and dimensions of the core-samples corresponded to the PTS design and to the conditions of its safe operation. A special device was made to fix the transport capsules in the stable counting geometry making possible to eliminate the influence of the neutron flux gradient during irradiation. Due to the substantial differences in CRM and solid sample densities, corrections for neutron self-shielding and for gamma-ray self-absorption by the core-samples were applied. The method was tried to analyze Au content in 170 small core-samples presenting different gold-bearing ores and country rocks from the Kazakhstan’s gold-barite-polymetallic deposit Maikain. This approach, rather simple methodically and requiring no unique equipment, can be used to assess gold resources together with the methods of geostatistics.

Isoprenoids from Rhaponticum carthamoides (Willd.) Iljin and Rhaponticum serratuloides (Georgi.) Bobr

S. Adekenov — 2024-06-25

The article presents the results of a chemical study of Rhaponticum carthamoides (Willd.) Iljin. and Rhaponticum serratuloides (Georgi.) Bobr., which are of interest as sources of new adaptogenic, anabolic, and antiparasitic drugs; a method for complex chemical processing of the raw materials of the abovementioned plants has been proposed. The structure of new sesquiterpene lactones raposerine, raserolide, 15-deacetylraposerine, and raserine has been isolated and established. The content of pharmacologically active ecdysterone in various organs of the studied Rhaponticum species is discussed according to the phenological phases of plant development. The antiparasitic, antiviral activity and cytotoxicity of the isolated compounds were determined.

Antimicrobial, antifungal, antioxidant activity and phytochemical investigation of fatty acids by GS/MS of raspberry (Rubus idaeus L.) shoot lipophilic extract

O.Yu. Maslov — 2024-06-25

The aim of the study was to determine the content of fatty acids using GC-MS in the obtained extract, conduct a study of the antimicrobial, antifungal and antioxidant activities of Rubus idaeus shoot lipophilic extract. The quantification of fatty acids was accomplished through GC-MS, antioxidant activity was assessed by potentiometric method, antimicrobial and antifungal activity was determined by well method. The 18 compounds were identified by the GS-MS. The levulenic acid (64.47±0.08 mg/100 g), linoleic acid (8.50±0.08 mg/100 g) and linolenic acid (6.80±0.04 mg/100 g) dominated in the obtained lipophilic R. idaeus shoot extract. Bacillus subtilis (17.00±0.50 mm) was the most sensitive to lipophilic extract whereas P. vulgaris was the most resistant to the lipophilic extract. Moreover, Candida albicans was medium sensitive to lipophilic extract (13.50±0.50 mm). The antioxidant activity was 1.00 mmol equiv./mdry res, according to Maslov`s antioxidant level classification it has low level. The extract exhibited antimicrobial activity against all tested strains, with the most significant impact observed against B. subtilis. However, the obtained lipophilic extract showed a relatively low level of antioxidant activity. Consequently, the derivatives of fatty acids play a substantial role in the antimicrobial and antifungal effects, whereas their contribution to antioxidant activity appears to be limited.

Biotransformation of anabolic drug Dianabol with Rizhopus oryzae

M. Siddiqui — 2024-06-25

Microbial biotransformation technique is an excellent approach for the synthesis of stereo-, enantio-, chemo-, and regio-selective/specific analogues of existing steroidal and non-steroidal drugs by using bacteria, fungi, algae, actinomycetes, yeast, and plants and animals cell cultures. This technique is effectively used to synthesize compounds whose structures resemble to the substrates (parent drugs) without using protecting/deprotecting steps. In the current study, an anabolic-androgenic steroid (AAS) based drug, methandienone (dianabol) (1) was incubated with the filamentous fungi Rhizopus oryzae ATCC 11145 for twelve days under ambient reaction conditions (at room temperature and neutral pH) by using aqueous media. Therefore, the present study has successfully helped to produce the structural analogues of inert steroidal anabolic drug dianabol (1) without using expensive and toxic chemicals. This yielded five known structural analogues of dianabol (1), i.e., 17β,11β-dihydroxy,17α-methyl-androsta-1,4-diene-3-one (2), 17β-hydroxy,17α-methyl-androsta-1,4-diene-3,11-dione (3), 17β,6β-dihydroxy,17α-methyl-androsta-1,4-diene-3-one (4), 17β,6β-dihydroxy,17α-methyl-androsta-4-ene-3-one (5), and 17β-hydroxy,17α-methyl-androsta-4,6-diene-3-one (6). Structures of transformed products 2-6 were determined through ¹H-NMR, and FAB-MS spectroscopic techniques.

Insecticide applications with trunk injection method for reducing the damage level of Leptoglossus occidentalis (Heidemann, 1910) in stone pine stands

O. Sarikaya — 2024-06-25

Leptoglossus occidentalis was first detected in Türkiye in 2009. The pest's damage to stone pine trees and its effects on seeds cause economic losses. In recent years, observations and predictions show that there is a significant threat not only to stone pine but also to other coniferous forests throughout country. In this study, pesticides were applied by trunk injection method in the experiment areas taken in stone pine stands of Bergama - Kozak region. In the systemic application carried out in 2020 and 2021, the Arborjet system was used and the insecticide with the active ingredient Azadirachtin (0.3 g/Lt) was used as an organic insecticide, as well as pesticide with the active ingredient Imidacloprid (200 g/Lt). In 2020, the highest seed filling rate was achieved after systemic Imidacloprid insecticide application with the Arborjet system. As a result of this application, the full seed rate reached 70.7% in Asagicuma, while this rate was 63.6% in the Karaveliler. The seed occupancy rate obtained from control trees in the Asagicuma was 37.96% and this rate reached 70.7% after systemic Imidacloprid application in the same field. Similarly, in the studies carried out in Asagicuma and Yukaribey experiment sites in 2021, only 35% of the seeds were filled in the cones taken from control trees, while the occupancy rate in the cones without insecticide application in the Yukaribey was determined to be 32.76%. In both trial sites, the highest seed fill rate was achieved after systemic Imidacloprid insecticide application with the Arborjet system. As a result of this application, the filled seed rate reached 67.89% in the Asagicuma and 69.86% in Yukaribey experiment sites.

Determination of impurities in fertilizers purchased in Almaty (Kazakhstan)

N. Nursapina — 2024-06-25

Two solid (Double superphosphate and Phosphoric) and two liquid (Peat and Microfertilizer) fertilizers from Russia and Kazakhstan were evaluated with regard to macronutrients content (K, Ca), transition elements (Cr, Fe, Co, Zn, Hg), alkaline earth (Sr), semi-metals (As), rare earth elements (Ce, Eu, La, Nd, Sc, Sm, Tb, Yb) and Th and U. For analysis, the k0-INAA was used. For QA/QC purposes for k₀-INAA the certified reference material BCR-320R channel sediment was used and irradiated together with the samples. The highest content of REEs was obtained in Double superphosphate, while in liquid fertilizers REEs were mostly below the limit of detection of the method used. Most elements in liquid organic fertilizers (Peat and Microfertilizer) were determined in insignificant level, except iron, which belongs to the essential micronutrients. The content of iron was at least 57 times higher in case of Peat fertilizer in comparison to Microfertilizer. Content of iron was higher in case of Phosphoric fertilizer than in Double superphosphate (about five times).

Targeting beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles: a proteomic approach towards Alzheimer’s disease therapy

S. Kashif — 2024-06-25

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) stands as the most prevalent form of dementia affecting elderly individuals and ranks as the sixth leading cause of death globally. The pathological hallmarks of AD involve the formation of beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brains of affected individuals, contributing to progressive brain degradation. This study aimed to utilize molecular modeling methods as a theoretical approach to explore the inhibition of beta-amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Beta-amyloid and tau receptors were employed to carry out molecular docking with the ligands, including curcumin, memantine, nicotine, and caffeine. The selected compounds demonstrated minimum binding affinity and interactions with the active sites of the receptors while docking studies were performed. Notably, molecular interactions of the receptor complexes with curcumin compounds exhibited prominence in number. Curcumin, known for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and lipophilic properties, has shown promise in enhancing cognitive function in AD patients. The findings of this study highlight the potential for further research aimed at developing improved drugs based on curcumin for the treatment of AD.

Effect of phosphate nature on the inhibitory capability of phosphate compositions

A.B. Niyazbekova — 2024-06-25

Corrosion inhibitors find ubiquitous application across diverse sectors to formulate robust coatings and chemical compounds. Serving as pivotal additives in compositions, they play a vital role in crafting coatings for circulating water systems, water supply networks, oil refining, petrochemical industries, and power plants. Incorporation extends to fuels, oils, lubricants, and construction materials. In industries oxidation inhibitors is particularly high as chemical, electrochemical, petrochemical, and gas, as well as in water supply networks and circulating water systems. The utilization of inhibitors obviates the necessity for treating metal surfaces with protective enamels and mastics. Effectively preventing oxidation involves the introduction of chemical contributions into aggressive ecology, thereby neutralizing or retarding the oxidation processes. This article explores the anti-oxidation properties of inhibitors in compositions related to St-3 steel. The study includes factors such as the pH of the medium, the nature and concentration of phosphate in compositions simulating reservoir water under stationary and aerated conditions. Investigation methods as potentiometry and photocolorimetry used in research. Experimental data, quantitative parameters of the oxidation process, oxidation rate, and degree of protection, depth index, and stability of the film formed were determined. These indicators were assessed on the oxidation resistance scale relative to steel. Analysis of the data shows that out of 63 compositions, seven systems demonstrate the most significant protective effects, with five containing sodium orthophosphate and two containing sodium hydroorthophosphate. The effective, surrounding friendly and cost-effective steel oxidation inhibitors using materials from Kazakhstan will contribute to the development of industry,

Study of Charyn river naked osman (Diptychus dybowskii) nutrition and ichthyopathological analysis

E.S. Seitkozhanova — 2024-06-25

The paper discusses the study of nutrition and ichthyopathological analysis of naked osman from the Charyn River, which is located on the territory of the Charyn State National Natural Park in the Almaty region. The naked osman belongs to the carp family. The fish does not have any scales on other part of the body exept the lateral line. The naked osman currently dwells in Kazakhstan, China, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, India, Nepal and other Asian countries. The purpose of the work is to determine the Charyn River’s food base and water condition by studying the food spectrum, fish pathology. To carry out the given study the fish were caught in the autumn in 2021. Only 15 samples of the caught fish were taken for the analysis. According to the ichthyological analysis results, the absolute length of 15 samples of the fish ranged from 8.3 cm to 12.7 cm, and their mass was from 4.81 g to 17.60 g. The standard quantitative - weight method was used for ichthyotrophological research. The special histological method was employed for ichthyopathological study. According to the ichthyotrophological study, the fullness index was about 10.75%00, and insect larvae were an essential food. Histological studies did not reveal an obvious pathology. As a result, the nutrient reserves in the reservoir were found to be at a good level and the external environment was found not to produce a negative effect on the fish.

Purification and characterization of glutaminase and urease-free L-asparaginase from Bacillus atrophaeus with acrylamide reduction potential

M. Ozdal — 2024-06-25

L-asparaginase (L-asnase) is a versatile enzyme with uses in food industry and medicine. Current study aimed to isolate L-asnase producing microorganism/s without urease and glutaminase and optimize L-asnase production. First, screening and isolation of L-asnase-producing bacterial strains that did not produce glutaminase and urease from chicken gizzards were performed. For this purpose, the enzyme producing bacteria were screened on the agar medium supplied with substrate and phenol red indicator dye. Among the isolated bacteria, 1 isolate showed L-asnase free of glutaminase and urease. The selected strain was identified by biochemical, morphological and 16s rRNA sequencing. The selected strain was identified as Bacillus atrophaeus by 16S rRNA sequencing. The effects of incubation temperature (30°C) and time (72 hours), medium pH (8.0) and nutritional sources (glucose and NaNO₃) on L-asnase production were determined. L-asnase was purified with acetone, and its molecular weight was determined to be 42 kDa by SDS-Page. Enzyme kinetics were also calculated, and it was determined that V_max was 43 μmol/mL/min and Km was 2.7 mM. L-asnase activity was highest at 40 ℃ and the optimal pH was 8.0. L-asnase activity was stimulated by Mn²⁺, Mg²⁺, and Ca²⁺ but inhibited by Co²⁺, Na⁺, Zn²⁺, and Hg²⁺. L-asnase was utilized to treat potato chips before they were fried in order to assess its capacity to mitigate acrylamide. The result was an 80% reduction in acrylamide concentration when compared to the untreated control. Based on these findings, it appears that L-asnase could have potential use in the food industry.

Optimization of cryopreservation methods for somatic cells of the Tobet dog breed

Y. Toishibekov — 2024-06-25

The Tobet dog breed, a national heritage of Kazakhstan, is threatened with extinction and conservation measures are urgently needed. This study presents a pioneering approach to preserve the genetic diversity and survival of this endangered breed through cryopreservation and cryobanking. We have optimised methods for cryopreservation of somatic cells (fibroblasts) isolated from skin explants of Tobet dogs and investigated the effects of in vitro cultivation on cell viability. Our results emphasise the importance of selecting appropriate culture media and cryoprotectants. Dulbecco's Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) and ethylene glycol (EG) were found to be the most effective agents for increasing the growth rate and viability of fibroblasts after thawing. Through careful experimentation, including the evaluation of equilibrium and non-equilibrium cryopreservation techniques and the application of various cryoprotectants, we have established the first Tobet cryobank for somatic cells. The establishment of a cryobank represents a significant step towards the conservation of the Tobet dog breed and provides a model for the conservation of other endangered species. This study not only contributes to the preservation of Kazakhstan's cultural and biological heritage, but also opens up new avenues for the application of biotechnological approaches to wildlife conservation.

Effect of the complex extract from Rumex plants on quantitative parameters of blood cells and bone marrow in vivo

A.K. Shokan — 2024-06-25

Assessment of the composition of peripheral blood cells and red bone marrow in preclinical studies is a key component of program for analysis of biologically active compounds obtained from the plant materials. Current study concerns effect of the complex extract from Rumex plants (R. confertus, R. tianschanicus, R. thyrsiflorus) on parameters of blood cells and bone marrow of laboratory animals. During the study, data were obtained on the effect of the extract on hematopoiesis when administered at 100 mg/kg of animal weight. The results obtained show that application of the extract is accompanied by a statistically significant increase in the number of neutrophil precursors, such as myeloblasts and band neutrophils (p≤0.05). According to our results the extract we obtained from Rumex plants does not cause inhibition of early bone marrow precursors and is safe and non-toxic.

Aspects of DNA interaction with the natural heterocyclic compounds

M. Kamalabadi — 2024-06-25

Cancer is now one of the major challenges in the medical world. An unhealthy lifestyle, and abuse or inappropriate use of drugs stimulate this disease. The drug resistance and imperfections of drugs used in cancer therapy have enforced the development of new drugs with therapeutic potential. Despite the introduction of synthetic drugs, the discovery of new drugs with natural origin has increasing attention in the treatment of diseases, recently. As natural compounds show a considerable diversity of chemical structures, they are liable for diverse mechanisms of action and interaction with target molecules. Heterocyclic natural compounds are a substantial part of natural compounds with excellent properties. These compounds possess various interaction modes with DNA. This review focus on the heterocyclic natural compounds with therapeutic potential and their binding mode with DNA.

Isolation and study of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria from Triticosecale Wittmack growing in Almaty region

Zh.K. Batykova — 2024-06-25

This article presents data on isolation and characterization of native plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) from the rhizosphere and root-endosphere of X Triticosecale Wittmack growing in Almaty region. A total of 22 distinct (eighteen gram-negative and four gram-positive) bacterial isolates were identified, classified according to their spore-forming activity: eighteen non-spore-forming and four spore-forming bacteria. Bacterial isolates were screened in vitro for PGPR characteristics and evaluated for their beneficial effects on the early growth of triticale variety X Triticosecale Wittmack. The findings of our research indicated isolation of four growth-promoting bacteria (AS4, AS6, AR1, TS6), three antifungal bacteria (AR2 and AS7), and one strain of combined action, i.e. high growth-promoting and fungistatic activity (AR6). Research has demonstrated that PGPR can be utilized as biofertilizers for crop production. Study marks the beginning of a larger investigation into the bacterial diversity of the triticale variety X Triticosecale Wittmack in the Almaty region.

The potential ameliorative effects of Moringa oleifera in emamectin benzoate induced toxicity in freshwater Labeo rohita fish

I. Jamil — 2024-06-25

Emamectin benzoate pesticide (EMB) is life-threatening chemical causing harmful effects on aquatic organisms specially fish species. Current study was aimed to understand the ameliorative role of Moringa oleifera against the toxic effects of emamectin benzoate on hematological, biochemical and changes in the soft tissues of Labeo rohita. Four groups were made. First group without chemicals is the control group, while 2^nd, 3^rd and 4^th groups were exposed to 3.64µg/L, 7.28µg/L and 14.56µg/L EMB respectively for 30 days. Results revealed that the number of RBCs, HGB, HCT, MCV, MCH, MCHC, and WBCs were decreased while lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils and platelets were increased significantly. Biochemical parameters of fish including serum cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, VLDL, albumin, globulin, blood glucose, ALT, AST, TSH, urea, creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen were significantly increased while HDL, total protein, T3 and T4 were decreased. Histological changes revealed that EMB causes degenerative effects in soft tissues of exposed fish. After using Moringa oleifera, all the effects were reversed and the fish was moved towards recovery. The overall results of the study showed that emamectin benzoate can alter the histological, hematological, and biochemical processes of Labeo rohita, thus toxic to aquatic organisms.

Morphofunctional and morphometric features of the small intestine in experimental rats with inflammation of the abdominal cavity

S.N. Abdreshov — 2024-06-25

The article presents studies of the effect of fecal suspension by introducing into the abdominal cavity at the rate of 0.5 ml of a 10% solution per 100 g of animal body weight. The morpho-functional state and morphometric analyzes of the small intestine were studied in normal conditions and with inflammation
of the abdominal organs by introducing fecal suspension. The results showed that inflammation of the abdominal organs led to significant changes in the wall of the small intestine, multiple hemorrhages and fibrin clots were found. In the intestine, there is a change and violation of the structures of the small intestine, the total thickness of the mucous membrane increases. Violation of goblet cells, villus height and crypt depth occur. Analysis of the study showed that the walls of the small intestine, revealed structural changes, mainly in the mucosa, submucosa and muscle membranes. The mean value of the mucosal thickness in the control group was 526.17±17.11 micrometer; submucous layer – 47.21±1.63 micrometer. Phenomena of edema, inflammatory infiltration, and separation of muscle fibers were noted in both layers of the muscular membrane. The average layer of thickness of the muscular membrane was 145.67±6.92 µm. Changes in the mucous membrane of the small intestine, at one time reflected in the structural changes in the villi-crypt of the small intestine. A violation of microcirculation in the tissues of the small intestine after the inflammatory process was revealed, which leads to aggravation of dystrophic and necrobiotic lesions of the overall state of the small intestine and is combined with the severity of the clinical picture in experimental animals.