International Journal of Biology and Chemistry

Evaluation of Different Sweetener Concentrations in Beverage Samples in Isfahan Market Using High Performance Liquid Chromatography

Mon, 30 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Sweeteners were added in beverage formulations to provide sweetness with pleasant taste. In this paper, potent approach for quantification of acesulfame ok (ACE-ok), sodium saccharin (Na-SAC) and aspartame (ASP) contents in beverages had been applied with liquid chromatography (RP – HPLC) joint with diode array detection (DAD). Ninety-seven samples have been selected from Isfahan marketplace. Liquid chromatograph Agilent 1260 Infinity series was applied for analysis. Mobile phase was decided on as acetonitrile and phosphate buffer (pH= 3.5) with 15:85 extent ratio (V/V), and the float rate of the chromatographic device was Optimized at 1 ml min^-1 using an isocratic elution system. All the beverages were saccharin-free and the mean concentrations of acesulfame and aspartame were lower than the general standards of the Iran National Standards Organization (600 mg L^-1). All the products were showed the acceptable levels of sweeteners, but, periodical and exact evaluation of these sweeteners in the beverages are still suggested to provide consumer health.

Key words: Saccharine, aspartame, acesulfame, beverages, HPLC.

Evaluation of Canavalia ensiformis L. beans: Comparative Fatty Acid Profile in Extracts and Analysis of Minerals and Proximate Composition

Zhuldyz Uvaniskanova, Gulnaz Seitimova, Gaukhar Burasheva, Iqbal M. Choudhary — Mon, 30 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

This study investigates the proximate composition, mineral content, and fatty acid profile of Canavalia ensiformis L. beans extracted with various solvents. Proximate analysis revealed a high protein content (23.16%), moderate fiber levels (7.13%), and a total fat content of 2.35%. Elemental analysis identified potassium (18,696.87 mg/kg) as the most abundant macroelement, followed by calcium (1,886.81 mg/kg) and magnesium (1,500.98 mg/kg), whereas iron (50.43 mg/kg) and zinc (33.28 mg/kg) were the predominant microelements. Gas chromatography analysis of fatty acids showed that monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) dominated the lipid profile, particularly in the hexane (58.67%), ethanol (59.57%), and raw bean (61.11%) extracts. Oleic acid (C_18:1n9c) was the most abundant MUFA, reaching 51.39% in the hexane extract. Saturated fatty acids (SFA) were highest in the hexane extract (21.35%), primarily due to palmitic acid (C_16:0, 18.77%). Polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) were most prevalent in the hexane extract (16.23%) and bean sample (16.08%), with linoleic acid (C_18:2n6c) being the major component. The aqueous extract contained notable amounts of γ-linolenic acid (C_18:3n6, 1.68%). These findings highlight the nutritional potential of C. ensiformis beans and suggest that solvent selection significantly influences lipid composition. The high MUFA and PUFA content, particularly in hexane and ethanol extracts, underscores their possible applications in food and pharmaceutical formulations.

Key words: Canavalia ensiformis L., GC analysis, proximate analysis, micro- and macroelements, fatty acids.

Resource-efficient technology for the utilization of serpentine technogenic waste with the production of magnesium oxide

Mon, 30 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The article discusses the possibility of using serpentine and serpentine waste from Zhitikara deposit for the production of inorganic magnesium compounds: MgSO₄, Mg(OH)₂ and MgO. The aim is to produce magnesium sulfate, whose quality characteristics would further enable the production of high-purity magnesium hydroxide and magnesium oxide. A step-by-step process for obtaining magnesium compounds is proposed, initially starting with the purified magnesium sulfate solution, from which magnesium hydroxide and magnesium oxide can be produced. The proposed process differs from other known methods in the choice of reagent for neutralizing and purifying the initial sulfate solution to obtain high-purity magnesium hydroxide and magnesium oxide.

A technical and economic analysis was conducted on the efficiency of producing industrially important inorganic magnesium compounds from serpentine waste derived from the processing of chrysotile ore at Zhitikara deposit. The technology’s resource intensity, energy efficiency, and economic feasibility of the new approach to processing serpentine waste for the production of magnesium compounds are shown. The advantages of using an acid method in combination with thermally activated serpentine for neutralizing and purifying the initial sulfate leaching solution are discussed. Based on experimental data obtained from studying magnesium extraction processes from serpentine, as well as the production of magnesium hydroxide and magnesium oxide from the purified magnesium sulfate solution, and the technical and economic analysis of each stage, it is concluded that the proposed process becomes more efficient when the final product is magnesium oxide. The potential for utilizing technogenic waste containing serpentine for sustainable magnesium compound production is considered.

Keywords: serpentine, magnesium sulfate, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium oxide, resource efficiency.

Preparation and Characterization of Nano-Iron Oxide by using Iraqi Orange Plant Extract and Testing for Adsorption Efficiency

Takleef Dheyab Sallal, Ahmed Mohammed Abbas — Mon, 30 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Nanomaterials, including nanoparticles such as iron oxide nanoparticles, have received great attention from researchers due to their unique properties and applications. There are several diverse methods, including chemical, physical, and green biological methods, to prepare iron oxide nanoparticles. The green method was chosen because it is safer, purer, and less toxic compared to other methods. Therefore, the green method is a promising and environmentally friendly method in the near future. The aqueous extract of Iraqi orange leaves was used to prepare nano iron oxide, it was examined structurally and spectrally by several techniques (X-ray diffraction- XRD, Fourier transform infrared - FT-IR, field emission scanning electron microscopy - FESEM, energy disperse X-ray spectroscopy - EDX, and UV-vis spectroscopy). Through the diagnosis, it was proven that the nano iron oxide was successfully prepared in a spherical form with an average size equal to 68.5 nm. The nano iron oxide particles were tested to remove the crystal dye from its aqueous solution, where the removal percentage reached 61% at 298K, dose adsorbent = 0.01 g, contact time = 90 min, and initial concentration = 11 mg/L. This indicates the possibility of using nano iron oxide which preparing by green method in the field of water treatment.

Keywords: Fe₃O₄ NPs, green method, orange leaf aqueous extract, adsorption, crystal violet dye.

Comparative investigation of Rheum tataricum and Rheum palmatum

Mon, 30 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Medicinal plants have played a crucial role in both traditional and modern medicine for centuries. Among these, Rheum tataricum and Rheum palmatum have attracted significant attention due to their diverse pharmacological properties and rich chemical compositions. Despite their widespread use, detailed comparative studies of these species remain limited. This study aims to provide a comprehensive evaluation of their morphological characteristics, chemical profiles, and pharmacological effects to enhance their application in medicine and drug development. The study involved the identification of liposoluble constituents in R. tataricum and R. palmatum using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The chemical compositions of both species were investigated, and their bioactive compounds were quantified. The pharmacological significance of key compounds such as oleic acid, hexadecanoic acid, octadecadienoic acid, chrysophanol, and apocynin was evaluated based on existing literature.

GC-MS analysis revealed distinct differences in the chemical compositions of R. tataricum and R. palmatum. The Chinese species, R. palmatum, contained twenty-four compounds, with oleic acid (53.9±0.09%) as a predominant constituent. In contrast, R. tataricum from Kazakhstan contained eighteen compounds, with a notably higher content of chrysophanol (35.1±0.05%). Hexadecanoic acid (18.9%) was found to be a major component in both species, demonstrating moderate antibacterial activity. Other bioactive compounds such as octadecadienoic acid, 9,10-anthracenedione, apocynin, and orcinol were detected, indicating their potential therapeutic applications.

This comparative study provides valuable insight into the chemical compositions and pharmacological relevance of R. tataricum and R. palmatum. The significant variation in bioactive compound concentrations suggests distinct therapeutic potentials. These findings support the rational use of these medicinal plants in pharmaceutical applications and highlight their relevance in both drug discovery and traditional medicine practices.

Keywords: Medicinal plants, Rheum tataricum, Rheum palmatum, phytochemical content, GC-MS.

Optimization of dietary fiber extraction from corn stalks and product characterization

Fajriyati Mas’ud, Vilia Darma Paramita, Zulman Wardi, Yuliani HR — Mon, 30 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Abstract: This research optimizes dietary fiber extraction from corn stalks and addresses its potential use in processed meat and fish products. The research aims to optimize dietary fiber extraction from corn stalk and characterize its potential as a food ingredient. Corn stalks were extracted using NaOH for dietary fiber, the procedure involved cleaning, drying, extraction, bleaching, and drying. RSM optimization using Design-Expert software determined optimal NaOH concentration and extraction time for dietary fiber yield. Products were characterized by FTIR, SEM, and BET, as well as determining WHC and OHC. This study optimized the extraction of dietary fiber from corn stalk using NaOH. RSM identified optimal conditions, i.e., NaOH concentration (A) = 25.96% and extraction time (B) = 65.39 min, yielding 34.47% dietary fiber. Validation trials resulted in a 34.38 ± 0.04% yield. Product characterization (FT-IR, SEM, BET), as well as assessments of WHC and OHC demonstrate the potential of corn stalk as a dietary fiber source and its use as a filler for processed meat and fish products. Optimization of dietary fiber extraction from corn stalks, achieved a yield of 34.47%. The findings highlight the feasibility of corn stalks as a source of dietary fiber in processed foods and the use of NaOH in extraction for large-scale production.

Keywords: chemical extraction, corn stalks, dietary fiber, Response Surface Methodology, sodium hydroxide

Synthesis of Cellulose based Hydrogel with High Absorption Capacity

Mon, 30 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

In this work, the possibility of obtaining biohydrogels from carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) using citric acid (CA) as a cross-linking agent was investigated. CMC and HEC used in the work were synthesized from microcrystalline cellulose obtained from sunflower seed husks (SFH). More specifically, local agricultural waste was used as a raw material source for the monomers used to produce the hydrogel. The chemical and crystal structures of the synthesized hydrogel were analyzed using FTIR and XRD techniques, with comparisons made to the initial monomers.The thermal stability of the synthesized hydrogel was 580°C, and the mechanical strength was 134 kPa. According to the kinetics of swelling in water, it was found that the degree of swelling in the first two hours was 500%. The hydrogel synthesized on the basis of cellulose showed high potential for use as a biodegradable composite sorbent for purification of water from heavy metals, drug delivery and protect plants from drought.

Key words: biohydrogel; carboxymethylcellulose; hydroxyethylcellulose; citric acid; swelling kinetics.

Evaluation of anthocyanin extracted from Lempeni (Ardisia Elliptica l.) fruit as a new natural acid-base indicator

Ulfa Rahma, Muhammad Zulfajri, Sri Ismulyati — Mon, 30 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The Ardisia elliptica species is usually known as Lempeni fruit has a purplish red color which contains the color pigment of anthocyanins. This work aimed to obtain anthocyanins from Lempeni fruit and applied them as new acid-based indicators. The extraction method was carried out using a combination solvent containing ethanol and HCl with appropriate ratio, followed by the addition of anthocyanin-containing extract with acid and base solutions. The results showed that anthocyanin from Lempeni fruit induced a signicant color response depending on the pH values of acid-base solutions. The color was changed to red in acidic environments and brownish green in alkaline environments. Besides, the filter paper indicator and acid-base titrations were performed with good performances. The utilization of a natural acid-base indicators from anthocyanins offers potential applications in qualitative analysis and scientific education, by exploring new sources of anthocyanins. This research contributes to the understanding of the potential use of anthocyanins from Lempeni fruit in environmentally friendly and economical analytical chemistry applications.

Keywords: Extraction, Anthocyanin; Lempeni fruit; Natural indicator; Acid base.

Synthesis of new acetylharmine derivatives and their neurotropic activity

Mon, 30 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Alkaloids containing a β-carboline fragment are of significant interest as potential new physiologically active agents for the treatment of central nervous system disorders. The roots of Peganum harmala L. (family Zygophyllaceae) are a promising and readily available raw material for the production of active pharmaceutical substances. The β-carboline alkaloid harmine is a promising compound for the development of novel, original neurotropic drugs based on these alkaloids. The article considers the ways of synthesizing new compounds based on the alkaloid harmine and, simultaneously, studies the neurotropic activity of new harmine derivatives containing various substituents at the C-8 position. Harmine was selectively acetylated at the 8-position using acetyl chloride and tin tetrachloride, yielding 8-acetylharmine. This intermediate was then used to synthesize a series of novel harmine derivatives, including 8-{Z}-1-{Z}-(1-(arylidene)hydrazono)ethyl and 8-cinnamoyl analogs. The evaluation of the neurotropic action of samples of C-8 harmine derivatives was carried out on models of experimental stress using the “Open Field” and “Elevated Plus Maze” tests. Several compounds exhibited marked antidepressant activity with sedative effects comparable to those of amitriptyline. It was demonstrated that structural modifications at the C-8 position of harmine contribute to the generation of new pharmacophores capable of crossing the blood-brain barrier and modulating behavioral responses. In particular, the compounds 8-acetylharmine (2) and {(Z)-1-[(Z)-(2-arylidene)hydrazono]ethyl}-harmines (4–5), at a dose of 10 mg/kg, demonstrated behavioral features indicative of reduced anxiety levels in animals. These findings highlight the potential of β-carboline-based harmine derivatives for the development of novel neurotropic agents.

Keywords: β-carbolines, harmine, 8-acetylharmine, (Z)-hydrazono-8-acetylharmine, chalcone derivatives of harmine, neurotropic activity.

Genomic stability and adaptation in Kazakh tobet dogs: a cytogenetic analysis

Mon, 30 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

There is an urgent need to preserve the ancient and culturally significant Kazakh dog breed Tobet, which is threatened with extinction. The evaluation of genomic instability and adaptive potential of Tobet dogs in comparison with outbred dogs as a model of genetic diversity and adaptability seems to be an interesting study and could shed light on the necessary efforts to improve the Tobet breed. In this context, the aim of this study was to analyze the cytological and cytogenetic (micronucleus test) parameters of peripheral blood cells of Tobet dogs and outbred dogs. The analysis revealed no significant differences in micronucleus frequency between Tobet and outbred dogs, indicating robust genomic stability. However, the observed cytological abnormalities, such as poikilocytosis, suggest potential health issues in the Tobet breed and highlight the need for continued health monitoring. This research underlines the importance of combining traditional breeding methods with modern genetic analyses to ensure the survival of the breed.

Keywords: Tobet, purebred dog, outbred dog, genomic instability, adaptive potential, cytogenetic analysis.

Prevalence and Impact of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) in Lashkar Gah City, Afghanistan: A Case Study

Abdul Bari Hejran, Virendra Kumar Yadav, Parwiz Niazi — Mon, 30 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) remains a critical public health issue in Lashkar Gah City, Afghanistan, necessitating a focused investigation into its prevalence, clinical implications, and management, this case study research aimed to evaluate HBV prevalence across different demographic groups and regions, assess the incidence of chronic infections, and analyze diagnostic and treatment strategies. The study also identified gaps in public health approaches and proposed targeted interventions. 100 diagnosed patients were investigated, data were collected from two key hospitals Bost University Private Hospital and Helmand Provincial Infectious Disease Treatment Hospital and three laboratories. A structured 24-question multiple-choice survey was completed by 100 healthcare specialists, including psychologists, neurologists, and medical doctors. Analysis using IBM SPSS Statistics software revealed a significant male predominance in HBV cases (99%) and higher prevalence in densely populated areas (96%) and warmer climates (92%). In 72% cases, it was chronic, 63% patients had on slight symptoms and 87% cases have long lived with the condition. Nausea, vomiting, and jaundice were the common clinical symptoms reported in 94% of the cases. These results indicate that enhanced diagnostic measures, prevention practices, and population health awareness programs are most required, and the case study also brings significant contributions to the epidemiological role of HBV in Lashkar Gah City and proposes practical recommendations to be addressed by medical workers and decision-makers to advance the management of the disease and lighten the health-related burden on the population.

Keywords: Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), Prevalence, Epidemiology, Chronic HBV, Lashkar Gah, Afghanistan.

Source reconstruction of electrical brain activity during attention network task performance

Tomiris Ismagambetova, Diana Arman, Manzura Zholdassova — Mon, 30 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Major Depressive Disorder (MDD) significantly affects mood, thought processes, and behavior. Understanding the neurophysiological mechanisms behind depression is essential for developing effective treatments. In this study, we compared source reconstruction of electroencephalography (EEG) data collected during Attention Network Task (ANT) performance from individuals with MDD, healthy controls, and those at risk of developing MDD. Our goal was to analyze the localization of alpha rhythm, particularly in relation to the P300 component. Preliminary findings revealed distinct differences in brain activation patterns among the three groups in key brain areas, particularly the Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC) and the Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (DLPFC). Significant group effects in alpha source activity during the P300 interval were observed in response to both congruent and incongruent stimuli. One-way ANOVA results revealed notable differences in alpha activation in the Anterior Prefrontal Cortex (BA10) and ACC (BA24) between MDD and control groups, highlighting potential challenges in higher-order cognitive functions such as decision-making. Increased alpha activation in the Inferior Frontal Gyrus (BA45) in the MDD group suggests possible language processing difficulties. Furthermore, enhanced activation in the medial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortices aligns with their roles in task switching and inhibition. In the incongruent condition, significant differences were more pronounced, particularly in the Right Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex (BA9) and Right Anterior Prefrontal Cortex (BA10), which are vital for executive functions. The MDD group exhibited larger alpha source activation in the ACC, indicating reduced brain activation that may impair attention and task management. These preliminary findings are consistent with existing literature on altered alpha source activity in MDD, supporting the notion of cognitive and emotional processing differences in this population. Thus, our study demonstrates distinct differences in alpha source localization during the ANT, revealing significant variations in brain activation patterns related to stimulus congruence, particularly in the ACC and DLPFC across the three participant groups.

Keywords: electroencephalography source localization, cognition, Attention Network Task (ANT), P300 component, Major Depressive Disorder (MDD).

Study of Trollius dschungaricus Regel (Ranunculaceae Juss.) in the flora of the Saty Gorge

Mon, 30 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The article presents the results of an analysis of herbarium and contemporary data on the distribution of Trollius dschungaricus within the Saty Gorge, located in the eastern part of the Kungey Alatau range. The study is primarily based on herbarium specimen collections, supplemented by data from the online platforms GBIF and iNaturalist, as well as materials gathered during field expeditions to natural populations.

A floristic list has been compiled, including 157 species of higher vascular plants belonging to 113 genera and 37 families. The greatest species diversity is concentrated in the following families: Poaceae, Asteraceae, Fabaceae, Lamiaceae, Amaranthaceae, and Rosaceae. Twelve species dominate the plant cover.

Out of the total number of species, 152 (95.0%) have forage value, with 18 of them also possessing medicinal properties. Eight species are classified as poisonous. The life forms of the flora are predominantly represented by perennial plants - 136 species, including 100 with prolonged vegetative growth, 18 shrubs, 5 subshrubs and semishrubs each, 2 dwarf subshrubs, as well as 6 tree species.

Perennials play an edificatory role in the plant communities of the surveyed area, whereas annuals (14 species) mainly form modification-type herbaceous layers. Biennial plants are represented by 8 species.

An ecological analysis of the flora indicates a predominance of xerophytic species in the conditions of the mid-mountain belt, as well as the presence of mesophytes and halophytes associated with river valleys and temporary watercourses.

Keywords: Trollius dschungaricus, Saty Gorge, eastern part of the Kungey Alatau Range, population, floristic composition.

Comparing phytochemical profile, antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of anthocyanin raspberry fruit thick and catechins green tea leaf extracts

Mon, 30 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

The aim of the study was investigate and compare phytochemical composition, antimicrobial, and antioxidant potential of raspberry fruit thick and green tea leaf liquid extracts. The quantification of biologically active substances (BAS) was performed using spectrophotometric, titrimetric, and HPLC analysis methods. Antioxidant activity was measured through a potentiometric method, while antimicrobial and antifungal effects were assessed using the well method and determining the minimum inhibition concentration. The total content of phenolic compounds was 0.60 and 10.10%, organic acids – 4.60 and 1.60% for raspberry fruit thick and green tea leaf extract. The total content of catechins in the green tea leaf extract was 10500.0 mg/100 g, where epicatechin-3-O-gallate was dominated (3730.0±74.6 mg/100 g). The total content of anthocyanins in the raspberry fruit thick extract was 109.86 mg/100 g, where cyanidin-3-O-sophoroside was dominated (134.56±2.68 mg/100 g). Both extracts possessed a high antioxidant potential, and effective antimicrobial and anti-fungi effects. The antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-fungi activity of raspberry fruit extract was higher than green tea leaf extract. In addition, we assumed that anthocyanins had higher antioxidant, antimicrobial and anti-fungi properties than catechins. These findings would promote application of raspberry fruits extract as pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals.

Keywords: raspberry, fruit, green tea, comparing analysis, antimicrobial activity, antioxidant activity

Mare's milk as a source of biologically active immunoglobulins: a review of scientific data

Mon, 30 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Mare's milk is a valuable source of biologically active immunoglobulins (Ig), which play a key role in passive immune defense. Unlike cow's milk, it contains a high concentration of IgG, IgA and secretory IgA, which makes it promising for functional nutrition and therapeutic use. Mare's milk immunoglobulins have a high affinity for pathogens, help neutralize viruses, bacteria and toxins, and modulate the immune response of the mucosa. Of particular interest is their association with lactoferrin, which enhances their antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. Modern studies confirm the effectiveness of mare's milk immunoglobulins in the prevention of gastrointestinal infections, allergic reactions and inflammatory diseases. Due to its high digestibility and low allergenicity, it is considered an alternative to cow's milk for infant and dietary nutrition. Promising directions include the creation of "immune-enriched products" based on mare's milk and the use of its immunoglobulins in biomedicine, including the creation of probiotics and drugs for correcting the microbiota. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the structure, functions, and practical applications of mare's milk immunoglobulins, emphasizing their potential in nutrition and clinical practice.

Keywords: mare's milk, immunoglobulins, biologically active peptides, whey proteins

Utilizing Plant Preservative Mixture™ to eliminate endophytic bacterial contamination and establish in vitro cultures of blackberry varieties

Mon, 30 Jun 2025 00:00:00 +0000

Bacterial, fungal, and viral contaminations pose a pervasive challenge to in vitro propagation of berry crops, presenting significant economic hurdles for the preservation of plant genetic resources and the commercialization of micropropagation. This study aimed to diagnose endophytic and viral contamination in commercial blackberry cultivars and while developing an in vitro method to eliminate bacterial contamination from the Chaсanska Bestrna variety. The Plant Preservative Mixture™ (PPM™) was utilized as a broad-spectrum bactericidal agent within the blackberry in vitro tissue culture. Contaminated shoots were cultured on Murashige and Skoog medium supplemented with 0.2% v/v PPM™, maintained over a 12-week period through three subcultures, before being transferred to medium devoid of PPM™ for an additional 12 weeks. The results were evaluated after 12 and 32 weeks of culture on medium without PPM™. This study demonstrated that PPM™ is an effective control agent and can be successfully used to manage the growth of endophytic contamination. For the Chaсanska Bestrna blackberry variety, 100% aseptic shoots were obtained in vitro without any negative effects on the shoot growth. However, the results indicate the opportunity for further testing of PPM™ on other blackberry varieties experiencing bacterial contamination, as it is possible that the contamination in this study was superficial and the selected concentration of the bactericide proved to be successful. To obtain virus-free planting stocks, in vitro rooted shoots were transferred to a soil substrate consisting of peat (40%), black soil (50%), and perlite (10%), and then adapted in a greenhouse at 20-23°С. The survival rate of blackberry varieties in greenhouse conditions was 93-99%.

Keywords: blackberry; tissue culture; in vitro contamination; micropropagation; broad-spectrum biocide