Assessment of the Air Quality of Almaty. Focussing on the Traffic Component
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Keywords:
Air quality, Almaty, Integrated Environmental Assessment, DPSIR, Traffic, Health, Air Pollutants, SPMEAbstract
The air quality of Almaty, the largest city in Kazakhstan, has been assessed applying the DPSIR (Driving forces, Pressures, Sate, Impacts, Responses) approach as overall framework. The paper focuses on the traffic component that is responsible for approx. 80% of the air pollution in the city. Further factors comprise power plants, minor industrial activities and private heating. Driving forces and pressures are disclosed and the state is elucidated based on extensive chemical analyses of gasoline, car exhaust and ambient air samples. In addition to already available information a broad spectrum of organic substances were found in the city air comprising aliphatic, aromatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Many of these substances are damaging to the human health. Measurement of particulate matter mimicked previous studies, however, it is suggested that further studies focusing on the PM2.5 component is conducted. Almaty traffic is dominated by private transport in aging cars. A series of recommendation (‘responses’) including actions to reduce the number of aging cars, to reduce private transport, to improve fuel consumption and to reduce through going traffic have been given in addition to suggestions for upgrading the monitoring activities.References
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13. Koziel, J.A., Jia, M.Y., Pawliszyn, J., 2000. Air sampling with porous solid-phase microextraction fibers, Anal.Chem., 72, 5178-5186.
14. Koziel, J.A., Pawliszyn, J., 2001. Air sampling and analysis of volatile organic compounds with solid phase microextraction, J.Air Waste Manag.Assoc., 51, 173-184.
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16. http://eurex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=OJ:L:2009:140:0088:0113:EN:PDF (Accessed Apr. 2012).
17. Zakon, 2010b. Туман в Алматы продолжает затруднять авиаполеты (The smog in Almaty continuous to make difficulties in air flights), 14th Dec.; http://afisha.zakon.kz/192977-tuman-v-almaty-prodolzhaet-zatrudnjat.html (Accessed Apr. 2012).
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20. Jørgensen, J., 2011. Danish Automobile Association, Technical Division, personal communication.
21. EPA, 2007. Formaldehyde; http://www.epa.gov/ttn/atw/hlthef/formalde.html (Accessed Apr. 2012).
22. Our Almaty, 2010. В Алматы превышена концентрация загрязняющих веществ (In Almaty the concentrations of pollutants are increasing), Our Almaty (Наша Агаша), 21st Oct.
23. Environment Australia, 2001. Fuel Standard (Petrol) Determination 2001 and the Fuel Standard (Automotive Diesel) Determination 2001, Regulation Impact Statement; http://www.environment.gov.au/atmosphere/fuelquality/publications/ris-2001/options.html (Accessed Apr. 2012).
24. Zakon, 2010c. Казахстан намерен к 2014 году, минуя стандарты Евро-3 и Евро-4, перейти к экостандарту Евро-5 - вице-министр нефти и газа РК А. Магауов (At 2014 Kazakhstan is going to use the Euro-5 eco-standard, skipping Euro-3 and Euro-4 according to vice minister of oil and gas A. Magauov ), 22nd Dec.; http://www.zakon.kz/193574-kazakhstan-nameren-k-2014-godu-minuja.html (Accessed Apr. 2012).
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26. IFQC, 2011. International gasoline rankings – Top 100 sulphur; www.ifqc.org/NM_Top5.aspx (Accessed Apr. 2012).
27. Shell, 2011. Personal communication, Shell, Denmark.
28. Gismeteo, 2009. Отличается ли температура в центре большого города от температуры окрестностей? (Do we have different temperatures inside the city limits and outside?), 4th Febr.; http://news.gismeteo.ru/news.n2?item=63369420383 (Accessed Apr. 2012).
29. Kazinform, 2009. Экологические проблемы города решаются на системном уровне - представитель акимата Алматы (Ecological problems of Almaty city to be solved on systematical level according to the city administration), Kazinform, 8th Aug.; http://www.inform.kz/eng/article/2190363 (Accessed Apr. 2012).
30. GOST, 1983. GOST 17.2.4.05-83. Nature protection. Atmosphere. Gravimetric method for determination of suspended dust particles, Moscow.
31. KazHydromet, 2011a. Almaty; http://www.kazhydromet.kz/eng/cgm/index.php?id=12 (Accessed Apr. 2012).
32. Academic, 2011. Взвешенная пыль (Superfine particles), Ecological Dictionary; http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/ecolog/184/ВЗВЕШЕННАЯ (Accessed Apr. 2012).
33. Wikipedia, 2011a. Health effects from noise; http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Health_effects_from_noise and references cited therein (Accessed Apr. 2012).
34. KazHydromet, 2011b, Качество атмосферного воздуха (The quality of atmospheric air) http://www.kazhydromet.kz/koncentracii/primes.php?id=1 (Accessed Apr. 2012).
35. KazHydromet, 2011c. Мониторинг окружающей среды (Environmental monitoring); http://www.kazhydromet.kz/ultrafiolet/monitoring.php (Accessed Apr. 2012).
36. AirLife, 2011. ПДК диоксида азота (Maximum concentration limit for nitrogen dioxide); http://www.airlife.ru/?m=76&a=112 (Accessed Apr. 2012).
37. Songur, A., Ozen, O.A. , Sarsilmaz, M., 2010. The toxic effects of formaldehyde on the nervous system.
38. NCI, 2011. Formaldehyde and Cancer Risk, National Cancer Institute; http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Risk/formaldehyde (Accessed Apr. 2012).
39. PASS, 2011. PASS online: http://www.pharmaexpert.ru/PASSOnline/index.php (Accessed Apr. 2012).
40. Squibb, K., 2011. Toxicity of Organic Compounds: Solvents and Chlorinated Organics, UM Program in Toxicology.
41. EPA, 1998. Carcinogenic Effects of Benzene: An Update, EPA/600/P-97/001F, http://www.epa.gov/ncea/pdfs/benzenef.pdf (Accessed Apr. 2012).
42. CaEPA, 1994. How much air do we breathe?, Research Note 94-11, California Environmental Protection Agency; http://www.arb.ca.gov/research/resnotes/notes/94-11.htm (Accessed Apr. 2012).
43. ILO, 1983. Encyclopedia of Occupational Health and Safety. Vols. I&II. International Labour Office. Geneva, 1070.
44. Codex, 2011. Углеводороды полиароматические (Polyaromatic hydrocarbons), Документ из ИПС "Кодекс" (Codex); http://base.safework.ru/iloenc?print&nd=857300056 (Accessed Apr. 2012).
45. Tox, 2011. Полициклические ароматические углеводороды (Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons), Toxicology (Токсикология); http://cld4b.tk/index-130.htm (Accessed Apr. 2012).
46. Politis, M., Pilinis, C., Lekkas, T.D., 2008. Ultrafine particles (UPF) and health effects. Dangerous like no other PM? Review and Analyses, Global NEST Journal, 10, 439-452.
47. Peters, A., von Klot, S., Heier, M., Trentinaglia, I., Hörmann, A., Wichmann, H.E., Löwel, H., 2004. Exposure to Traffic and the Onset of Myocardial Infarction, N.Engl.J. Med., 351, 1721-1730; http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa040203 (Accessed Apr. 2012).
48. Jerrett, M., Burnett, R.T. , Ma, R., Pope III, C.A., Krewski, D., Newbold, K.B., Thurston, G., Shi, Y., Finkelstein, N., Calle, E.E., Thun, M.J., 2005. Spatial Analysis of Air Pollution and Mortality in Los Angeles , Epidemiology, 16, 727-736.
49. Froines, J.R., 2006. Ultrafine Particle Health Effects; http://www.aqmd.gov/tao/ultrafine_presentations/Pre-Conference_2_Froines.pdf (Accessed Apr. 2012).
50. Shettler, T., 2005. Болезни сердца и окружающая среда (Heart troubles and environment); www.ecoaccord.org/pop/che/che4.doc (Accessed Apr. 2012).
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Carlsen, Lars, Nassiba Kh. Baimatova, Bulat N. Kenessov, and Olga A. Kenessova. 2013. “Assessment of the Air Quality of Almaty. Focussing on the Traffic Component”. International Journal of Biology and Chemistry 5 (1):49-69. https://ijbch.kaznu.kz/index.php/kaznu/article/view/82.
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